What do Investors Look for in a Business Plan Dos and Donts in a Thesis

What do Investors Look for in a Business Plan Dos and Donts in a Business Plan - Thesis Example This analysis supports the entrepreneur in his decision on what to do next in the process of execution. Thus planning reveals whether it is justifiable to continue with the venture or abandon it. This makes business plans one of the most widely regarded aspects of pre-startup planning (Honig & Karlsson, 2004). The value of planning cannot be questioned because most investors wish to see a business plan first which helps them decided whether to invest or not (Mason & Stark, 2004). However, entrepreneurs, being young and inexperienced, are unable to define their businesses in line with the business plans. The poor business plans that they draw up do not reflect their business objectives. Because of the lack of knowledge and information the business plans do not reflect the mission, objectives, plan of action and financial projections in a manner to attract investors. These challenges lead to greater issues and may even lead to abandoning of projects. They may realize that lack of planning is the cause but by this time they have ended burning up valuable resources such as time and money. A business plan defines how the venture is expected to operate in the current environment. A business plan is essential for both internal and external purposes. Entrepreneurs may have brilliant ideas to start a new venture. They may also have the resources to implement their ideas. However, unless the ideas and plans are compiled together it could soon become confusing for the entrepreneurs as well. Planning is an opportunity evaluation and is important for an entrepreneur who is faced with the decision to enter the market. Therefore, a business plan is absolutely necessary to start a new venture, to attract investors and more importantly, to make the entrepreneurs aware of what they expect to achieve from their business activities. Awe (2006) refers to the Webster definition of an entrepreneur and describes it as â€Å"one who organizes, manages and assumes the risks of

Distinctive toys and games Essay Example for Free

Distinctive toys and games Essay The claim that childhood as we know it is essentially a creation of the 20th century. is led by Phillippe Aries, a French historian, he carried out detailed studies of the developing nature of childhood and family in France and England from pre-modern to modern times. He suggests that childhood, as we know it, meaning the idea of a child individuality, separate from adults is basically the creation of the 20th century. His argument was that in previous times children were effectively miniature adults, and were treated as such. Historical sociologists pointed out how in the past games and play were not separate childhood activities but things in which adults engaged in too, and that they took interest in dolls houses and dresses, and model soldiers. Childhood is actually something, which is exclusive to our own culture and times. Children were part of the adult world with the progress of industrialisation they have been pushed into a specific category and are thought of and considered different to adults. Factors of the problem originated in the middle classes including religious reasons, humanitarian reasons, the need to produce future workers who were numerate and literate, the need to get children off streets and give them a moral upbringing. However it was the working class who confronted moves to remove children from jobs and move them towards compulsory education. Many families were dependent on extra wages, which were brought in by children, to stave of poverty. However can we trust Aries evidence as it is all secondary data and paintings of people who were royalty or rich women not of ordinary people. Childhood in the 21st century is different from childhood in the 16th century or working class childhood in the 19th century. There used to be a large number of orphans, which meant that many children had to look after themselves.  Aries believes that childhood is not just a biological state associated with immaturity and adolescence, it is also a social experience, which differs from one historical period to another. Aries and Lawrence Stone suggest that in medieval society the idea of childhood and adolescence, as independent categories to adults did not exist. Children were considered little adults. They took part in the same work and play activities as adults. They didnt have distinctive toys and games, we now take for granted as childish things. Children were not considered as special as is today. People were indifferent to them even unfriendly. This was probably due to high infant mortality. One quarter or more infants did not survive their first year compared with less than one per cent of infants in the West today. Stone argues a similar view he suggests that pre-industrial families were a unit of production working on land or occupied in crafts together. Children were prepared to help parents from a very young age. Those who did not help with household production usually left to become servants or apprentices. After industrialisation there is some evidence that these attitudes towards children continued, especially in the working class where children were repeatedly found to be increasing family income by working in factories, mines and mills. The middle-class attitudes towards children started to change in this period, when there was a growth in parental and marital love in middle-class families and as infant mortality rate started to fall, although there was a growth in the authoritarian power of fathers.

Computers :: essays research papers

Computers Computer are electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out a program by performing calculations on numbered data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information. The old world of technology could not believe about the making of computers. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our world in the handling of data including secret governmental files and making banking transactions to private household accounts. Computers have opened up a new world in manufacturing through the developments of automation, and they have made modern communication systems. They are great tools in almost everything you want to do research and applied technology, including constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of development. Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. The same new designs also make possible ideas of privacy and of restricted information sources, but computer crime has become a very important risk that society must face if it would enjoy the benefits of modern technology. Two main types of computers are in use today, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type. Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation the ability to determine if a switch, or gate is open or closed. That is, the computer can recognize only two states in any of its microscopic circuits on or off, high voltage or low voltage, or—in the case of numbers—0 or 1. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act, however, is what makes it a marvel of modern technology. Computer speeds are measured in megaHertz, or millions of cycles per second. A computer with a "clock speed" of 10 mHz—a fairly representative speed for a microcomputer—is capable of executing 10 million discrete operations each second. Business microcomputers can perform 15 to 40 million operations per second, and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of billions of cycles per second. Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle. If a computer checks only one switch at a time, that switch can represent only two commands or numbers; thus ON would symbolize one operation or number, and OFF would symbolize another. By checking groups of switches linked as a unit, however, the computer increases the number of operations it can recognize at each cycle. The first adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer, was

Total Quality Management (TQM) :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Total Quality Management Total Quality Management is a structured system for satisfying internal and external customers and suppliers by integrating the business environment, continuous improvement, and breakthroughs with development, improvement, and maintenance cycles while changing organizational culture. A remarkable thing is happening as we see the awakening of the individual and the collaboration of empowered people in the team effort of total quality management. It is a renewing, a reinforcing and a building of a bridge of trust among the individuals responsible for accomplishing a common goal (The Total Quality Review; May 1994). One of the goals is to build an organizational environment conducive to job redesign and cross training in order to facilitate job flexibility. TQM initiatives in areas of common concern provide an opportunity to form and better control the relationship with a company's external vital customers and suppliers. TQM is essential for companies seeking to provide quality goods and services to their customers. The end result is that they will enjoy prosperity and long-term growth. "In order to compete in a global economy, our products, systems and services must be of a higher quality than our competition. Increasing Total Quality is our number on priority here at Hewlett-Packard. -John Young, President of Hewlett-Packard" (www.dmu.ac.uk.htm). Often companies find themselves faced with a dilemma that is rooted to a lack of TQM. This was the case with Apple Computers. They were unable to conceive a working, productive relationship between their managers and engineers. Apple found themselves unable to alleviate this problem, which ultimately hindered it from responding to environmental changes. The positive effects of TQM has transcended down through the ranks. Non-profit organizations have begun to embrace TQM throughout their organization, relying on the positive results found throughout the business world. Even the Health care industry has initiated TQM to promote excellence in nursing, urging nurses to apply quality improvement.

Consolidating the Directv Acquisition

Case 7: News Corp. in 2005, Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition The case focuses on the acquisition and consolidation of DirecTV by media mogul Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp. After the acquisition, Murdoch’s content-and-distribution empire spanned four continents, with more than 26 million subscribers. Murdoch, News Corp. ’s chairman, had ambitions to build one of the most powerful media companies in the world. He aspired to have a balance between subscription and advertising revenue, the best mix of content and distribution and the widest geographic spread in the world.There are a various aspects of the general environment firstly; the political/legal aspect of the general environment was initially most significant in the purchase of DirecTV by News Corp. FTC concerns of potential market concentration issues if EchoStar purchased DirecTV forced the two to drop discussion, paving the way for News Corp. ’s purchase of DirecTV. Technology is probably the most important current aspect of the general environment.Secondly, Demographic segment Growing markets worldwide for various communication and entertainment media content. Thirdly, Socio-cultural segment largely due to rapid changes in technology, as well as increased overall globalization efforts, consumers are becoming increasingly sophisticated in the quality and type of communication and entertainment that they expect. Communication, news and entertainment provided by DirecTV and similar services have become viewed as nearly a necessity in a modern world.Fourthly, Economic segment while general economic conditions and level of economic development in a particular country or region may hinder some feasibility of these types of services, in general, they are needed and used by markets worldwide regardless of overall economic conditions. Fifthly, Political/legal segment The FTC, the government’s watchdog arm that oversees competition policy, is responsible for ensuring that cons umers’ interests are protected. If an industry is getting increasingly concentrated, the FTC can use antitrust laws to prevent further consolidation of the industry or break up previous consolidation.The FCC, the government’s watchdog arm that oversees the communications industry, is responsible for overseeing companies that sell communications products and services. Finally, Technological/global segment The 1980s and 1990s saw a worldwide race to deliver television programs to global markets. Cable operators invested in laying cables and beamed programming content through these cables into subscribers’ homes. Satellite television had a much wider reach, because satellites orbiting the earth sent the programming content directly into the home without the need for a cable connection.By 2000, cable had an important advantage over satellite in that it offered high-speed, two-way access, including phone capability. Satellite was still mostly one-way. However, it wou ld take cable companies years of multi-million dollar investments to upgrade to digital technology. DirecTV competes in a broadly defined media industry. Several sectors of this industry might include communications (e. g. telephone, internet, cable, satellite TV), news services, entertainment (e. g. , cable and network programming, movies, pay per view, gaming). There are various characteristics of the dominant industry.Market size is the most providers are regional or national competitors, depending on the facet of media in which they compete. Life cycle stage is growth. Growth rate is rapid. Scope of rivalry is fragmented in some respects, but rivalry is fierce among those that go head to head in specific sectors. Rivalry concentration is the media industry is dominated by large and powerful companies, but most of these are regional, national or multi-national players. Pace of industry change is the technology change is rapid in telecommunications and related fields, which drives significant rapid change in all aspects of media.Product/service differentiation is the consumers often have changing options for substitute products. Porter's five forces model of competition to the industry. Generally media is a very attractive industry with substantial growth opportunities, both domestically and internationally. Extensive economies of scope and scale are becoming increasingly influential in this industry and its related sectors. Threat of entry: new technologies fuel the constant threat of new entrants into some facet of content and/or delivery in the media industry. Bargaining power of suppliers: Bargaining power of suppliers is not significant here.Content suppliers must deal with DirecTV due to its massive size and market share. Bargaining power of buyers: Customers’ bargaining power is very significant, as consumers increasingly have choices of how and when they take delivery of content. Threat of substitute products: many potential substitutes exist, along with many ways to access content. Rivalry amongst existing competitors: Rivalry is fierce, as News Corp. had substantial content that cable providers needed for product scope, permitting premium pricing. Cable and satellite are constantly battling for new or switching customers.Critical success factors DirecTV must continue to be aggressive in its acquisition and implementation of new technology. They must also be keenly aware of customer tastes and preferences for content and delivery options. There are two types of resources Tangible and intangible. News Corp. ’s tangible resources are its global satellite platform and its strength in both content and distribution, as well as an impressive set of fast-growing networks such as Fox News, Fox Sports, National Geographic and Speed Channel and satellite distribution in Europe, Asia and Australia. Before its acquisition of DirecTV, News Corp. as a global company, but had no direct broadcast satellite presence in the United States. DirecTV had three primary components at the time it was acquired by News Corp. , all of which appear useful for expanding News Corp’s scale and scope of offerings: it was the largest US provider of direct broadcast satellite, giving customers access to hundreds of channels of digital-quality video and audio programming; PanAmSat owned and operated 25 satellites that covered 98% of the world’s population; and broadband satellite networks and services were provided to both consumers and enterprises.Intangible resources an aggressive corporate culture used to dealing in the high-pressure, ever-changing media industry, which fuels significant interest in developing scope and scale of product content and delivery. There are unique internal resources and capabilities of DirecTV that played a prominent role in Murdoch’s decision to acquire DirecTV. DirecTV was the first entertainment service in the US to deliver all digital-quality multi-channels TV programmin g through an 18-inch satellite dish. In 2003 DirecTV had 12. million subscribers, 10. 7 million of which were DirecTV subscribers, and the remaining receiving DirecTV service from members and affiliates of the National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative. This unique capability potentially provided Murdoch with a vast American market and the ability to shake his programming from the seeming stranglehold of American cable companies. The rivalry like between News Corp. and its competitor(s) during the acquisition of DirecTV. In September 2000, Murdoch offered $22 billion for a 35% stake in DirecTV.In Feb 2001 Hughes stock declined, and Murdoch reduced his bid for a 30% stake. As News Corp. negotiated with Hughes Electronics for the sale of DirecTV, the progress was very slow. In 2001, EchoStar surprised many by making an unsolicited bid to buy Hughes for $30. 4 billion in stock and $1. 9 billion in assumed debt. EchoStar was in the US satellite pay-tv market and a combined DirecTV an d EchoStar would control as much as 92% of that market. Murdoch used this knowledge to lobby intensely to block the merger on antitrust grounds, and DirecTV and EchoStar dropped their deal.In April 2003, News Corp. acquired GM’s 19. 9% stake in Hughes and a further 14. 1% from public stakeholders. The feature of the external environment does News Corp. use to fend off its rivals. Murdoch used a US government regulatory body, the FTC, to make sure that his rival EchoStar did not get a chance to buy DirecTV. He forced the issue to the FTC that combination of DirecTV and EchoStar would create a monster that would control 92% of the market. Once the sale to EchoStar was blocked, News Corp. went forward and made a successful bid for the purchase of DirecTV.The News Corp. integrates the newly acquired DirecTV into its global strategy. DirecTV was immediately re-structured. Labor disputes were settled and half the employees were retrenched. DirecTV became increasingly focused on cor e business, selling its 80% stake in the satellite launch business for $2. 5 billion, and its set-top-box manufacturing and XM Satellite Radio. The proceeds of these sales were used to pay about $1. 4 billion for rural satellite companies that had 1. 5 million subscribers, dramatically increasing market share.The factors inhibit News Corp’s strategy from delivering its full potential. In order to close the DirecTV deal, News Corp. had to make some concessions: (1) Since the FCC had already banned large cable operators from discriminating against rival programmers, DirecTV could not use its muscle power to its full advantage (2) News Corp. had to submit to arbitration if cable operators accused it of using its popular channels as bargaining tools. These restrictions were temporary, as they expired within six years.

How to Find the Mean of a Set of Numbers Formula and Examples

How to Find the Mean of a Set of Numbers Formula and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking the SAT or ACT and want to make sure you know how to work with data sets? Or maybe you’re looking to refresh your memory for a high school or college math class. Whatever the case, it’s important you know how to find the mean of a data set. We'll explain what the mean is used for in math, how to calculate the mean, and what problems about the mean can look like. What Is a Mean and What Is It Used For? The mean, or arithmetic mean, is the average value of a set of numbers. More specifically, it's the measure of a "central" or typical tendency in a given set of data. Mean- often simply called the "average"- is a term used in statistics and data analysis. In addition, it's not unusual to hear the words "mean" or "average" used with the terms "mode," "median," and "range," which are other methods of calculating the patterns and common values in data sets. Briefly, here are the definitions of these terms: Mode- the value that appears most frequently in a data set Median- the middle value of a data set (when arranged from lowest value to highest) Range- the difference between the highest and smallest values in a data set So what is the purpose of the mean exactly? If you have a data set with a wide range of numbers, knowing the mean can give you a general sense of how these numbers could essentially be put together into a single representative value. For example, if you’re a high school student getting ready to take the SAT, you might be interested to know the current mean SAT score. Knowing the mean score gives you a rough idea of how most students taking the SAT tend to score on it. How to Find the Mean: Overview To find the arithmetic mean of a data set, all you need to do is add up all the numbers in the data set and then divide the sum by the total number of values. Let’s look at an example. Say you’re given the following set of data: $$6, 10, 3, 27, 19, 2, 5, 14$$ To find the mean, you’ll first need to add up all the values in the data set like this: $$6 + 10 + 3 + 27 + 19 + 2 + 5 + 14$$ Note that you don’t need to rearrange the values here (though you may if you wish to) and can simply add them in the order in which they’ve been presented to you. Next, write down the sum of all the values: $$6 + 10 + 3 + 27 + 19 + 2 + 5 + 14 = \bo86$$ The last step is to take this sum (86) and divide it by the number of values in the data set. Because there are eight different values (6, 10, 3, 27, 19, 2, 5, 14), we'll be dividing 86 by 8: $$86 / 8 = 10.75$$ The mean, or average, for this set of data is 10.75. How to Calculate a Mean: Practice Questions Now that you know how to find the average- in other words,how to calculate the mean of a given set of data- it’s time to test what you’ve learned. In this section, we'll give you four math questions that involve finding or using the mean. The first two questions are our own, whereas the second two are official SAT/ACT questions; as such, these two will require a little bit more thought. Scroll past the questions for the answers and answer explanations. Practice Question 1 Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 5, 26, 9, 14, 49, 31, 109, 5. Practice Question 2 You are given the following list of numbers: 4, 4, 2, , 6, $X$, 1, 3, 2. The arithmetic mean is 4. What is the value of $X$? Practice Question 3 The list of numbers 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 has a median of 25. The mode of the list of numbers is 15. To the nearest whole number, what is the mean of the list? 20 25 26 27 30 Source: 2018-19 Official ACT Practice Test Practice Question 4 At a primate reserve, the mean age of all the male primates is 15 years, and the mean age of all female primates is 19 years. Which of the following must be true about the mean age $m$ of the combined group of male and female primates at the primate reserve? $m = 17$ $m 17$ $m 17$ $15 m 19$ Source: The College Board How to Find the Average: Answers + Explanations Once you’vetried out the four practice questions above, it’s time to compare your answers and see whether you understand not just how to find the mean of data but also how to use what you know about the mean to more effectively approach any math questions that deal with averages. Here are the answers to the four practice questions above: Practice Question 1: 31 Practice Question 2: 3 Practice Question 3: C. 26 Practice Question 4: D. $15 m 19$ Keep reading to see the answer explanation for each question. Practice Question 1 Answer Explanation Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 5, 26, 9, 14, 49, 31, 109, 5. This is a straightforward question that simply asks you to calculate the arithmetic mean of a given data set. First, add up all the numbers in the data set (remember that you don’t need toarrangethem in order from lowest to highest- only do this if you’re trying to find the median): $$5 + 26 + 9 + 14 + 49 + 31 + 109 + 5 = \bo248$$ Next, take this sum and divide it by the number of values in the data set.Here, there are eight total values, so we'll divide 248 by 8: $$248 / 8 = 31$$ The mean and correct answer is 31. Practice Question 2 Answer Explanation You are given the following list of numbers: 4, 4, 2, , 6, $X$, 1, 3, 2. The arithmetic mean is 4. What is the value of $X$? For this question, you’re essentially working backward: you already know the mean and now must use this knowledge to help you solve for the missing value, $X$, in the data set. Recall that to find the mean, you add up all the numbers in a set and then divide the sum by the total number of values. Since we know the mean is 4, we’ll start by multiplying 4 by the number of values (there are nine separate numbers here, including $X$): $$4 * 9 = 36$$ This gives us the sum of the data set (36). Now, the question becomes an algebra problem, in which all we need to do is simplify and solve for $X$: $$4 + 4 + 2 + + 6 + X + 1 + 3 + 2 = 36$$ $$33 + X = 36$$ $$X = 3$$ The correct answer is 3. Practice makes perfect! Practice Question 3 Answer Explanation The list of numbers 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 has a median of 25. The mode of the list of numbers is 15. To the nearest whole number, what is the mean of the list? 20 25 26 27 30 This tricky-looking math problem comes from an official ACT practice test, so you can expect it to be a little less direct than your typical arithmetic mean problem. Here, we’re given a data set with two unknown values: 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 We’re also given two critical pieces of information: The mode is 15 The median is 25 To solve for the mean of this data set, we will need to use all the information we’ve been given and will also need to know what the mode and median are. As a reminder, the mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set, while the median is the middle value in a data set (when all values have been arranged from lowest to highest). Since the mode is 15, this must mean that the value 15 appears at least twice in the data set (in other words, more times than any other value appears). As a result, we can say replace either $X$ or $Y$ with 15: $$41, 35, 30, X, 15, 15$$ We’re also told that the median is 25. To find the median, you must first rearrangethe data set in order from lowest value to highest value. Sincethe median is more than 15 but less than 30, we should put $\bi X$ between these two values. Here’s what we get when we rearrange our values from lowest to highest: $$15, 15, X, 30, 35, 41$$ There are six values in total, (including $X$) meaning that the median will be the number exactly halfway between the third and fourth values in the data set.In short,25 (the median) must come halfway between $X$ and 30. This means that $X$ must equal 20, since that would put it 5 away from 20 and 5 away from 30 (or halfway between the two values). We now have a complete data set with no unknown values: $$15, 15, 20, 30, 35, 41$$ All we have to do now is use these values to solve for the mean. Start by adding them all up: $$15 + 15 + 20 + 30 + 35 + 41 = 156$$ Finally, divide the sum by the number of values in the data set (that’s six): $$156 / 6 = 26$$ The correct answer is C. 26. Practice Question 4 Answer Explanation At a primate reserve, the mean age of all the male primates is 15 years, and the mean age of all female primates is 19 years. Which of the following must be true about the mean age $m$ of the combined group of male and female primates at the primate reserve? $m = 17$ $m 17$ $m 17$ $15 m 19$ This practice problem is an official SAT Math practice question from the College Board website. For this math question, you’re not expected to solve for the mean but must instead use what you know about two means to explain what the mean of the larger group could be. Specifically, we're being asked how we can use these two means to express, in algebraic terms, the mean age ($\bi m$) forbothmale and female primates. Here’s what we know: first, the mean age of all male primates is 15 years. Secondly, the mean age of all female primates is 19 years.This means that, in general,the female primates are older than the male primates. Since the mean age for male primates (15) is lower than that for female primates (19), we know that the mean age for both groups cannot logically exceed 19 years. Similarly, because the mean age for female primates is greater than that for male primates, we know that the mean age for both cannot logically fall below 15 years. We are therefore left with the understanding that the mean age for the male and female primates together must be greater than 15 years (the mean age of the males) but also less than 19 years (the mean age of the females). This rationale can be written as the following inequality: $$15 m 19$$ The correct answer is D. 15 $\bi m$ 19. What’s Next? Tolearn even more about data sets,look at our guide to the best strategies for mean, median, and mode on SAT Math. Taking the SAT or ACT soon? Then you'll definitely want to know what kind of math you're going to be tested on. Check out our in-depth guides to the SAT Math section and the ACT Math sectionto get started. What are the most important math formulas to know for the SAT and ACT?Get an overview of the 28 critical SAT formulas and the 31 critical ACT formulasyou should know.

Bio Lab essays

Bio Lab essays Every minute there are thousands of chemical reactions occurring in cells that are controlled by enzymes. (Vodopich) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. As catalysts, enzymes lower the amount of energy needed to trigger a reaction. Enzymes are proteins with their own shapes determined by amino acid structures. The active site complexes on these structures determine what specific changes a substrate (reactant molecule in a catalyzed enzyme) will go through becoming a different substance with a different shape. (Weiss 2001) During this experiment the enzyme catalase was used to reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen. After adding aliqouts of reaction mixture we removed small amounts of sample at different time intervals we analyzed the molar concentration of H2O2 and the velocity of molar change per minute. Assaying denatured enzyme samples at different time intervals of 0, 0.5,1,1.5,and 2 minutes to review spectrophotometer readings of the c orresponding samples of H2O2. Our absorbency readings at 500 decreased from .921 at 0 minutes to 0.086 at 2.0 minutes. The concentration of H2O2 also decreased according to time, from .28 moles at 0 minutes to 0.026 moles at 2 minutes. Between 1 and 1.5 minutes the velocity of molarity change per minute peaked at a velocity of .16 and decreased to be .108 at 2 minutes. Confirming that with an adequate amount of subsrates, enzyme reactions increase. Accordingly depleted substrate reactions decrease with time. Graphically enzymes with an abundant substrate concentration rate appear linear with time. (Weiss 2001) Enzymes are catalysts, accelerate reaction rates, in Biological sequencesthat when left alone can speed up reactions 14-20 times while in ideal conditions such as 37 degrees celsius and neutral pH. Also enzymes are protiens which are made of specific amino acid sequences. The shape of an enzyme is determined by its amino acid sequence which controlt...

EFL to Foreigners

A Beginner's Guide for Teaching ESL / EFL to Foreigners There are many non-professional teachers who are teaching English as a 2nd or foreign language. The teaching setting varies widely; to friends, at a charity, on a volunteer basis, as a part-time job, as a hobby, etc. One thing quickly becomes clear: Speaking English as a mother tongue does not an ESL or EFL (English as second language / English as a foreign language) teacher make! This guide is provided for those of you who would like to know some of the basics of teaching English to non-native speakers of English. It provides some fundamental guidelines which will make your teaching more successful and satisfying for both the student and you. Get Grammar Help Fast! Teaching English grammar is tricky as there are so many exceptions to rules, irregularities of word forms, etc. that, even if you do know your grammar rules, you are probably going to need some help when providing explanations. Knowing when to use a certain tense, word form or expression is one thing, knowing how to explain this rule is quite another. I highly recommend getting a good grammar reference as quickly as you can. Another point to consider is that a good university-level grammar guide is really not appropriate for teaching non-native speakers. I recommend the following books which have been specially designed for teaching ESL / EFL: British Press Practical English Usage by Michael Swan published by Oxford University Press - Advanced - great for teachersEnglish Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy published by Cambridge University Press - for both beginners and intermediate American Press Understanding and Using English Grammar by Betty Schrampfer Azar published by Pearson ESL - Intermediate to advancedThe Advanced Grammar Book by Jocelyn Steer and Karen Carlisi published by Heinle Heinle Keep It Simple One problem that teachers often encounter is that of trying to do too much, too quickly. Here is an example: Lets learn the verb to have today. - OK - So, the verb to have can be used in the following ways: He has a car, Hes got a car, He had a bath this morning, He has lived here for a long time, If I had had the opportunity, I would have bought the house. Etc. Obviously, you are focusing on one point: The verb to have. Unfortunately, you are covering just about every usage of have which then also brings into play the present simple, have for possession, past simple, present perfect, have as an auxiliary verb etc. Overwhelming to say the least! The best way to approach teaching is to choose just one use or function, and focus on that specific point. Using our example from above: Lets learn the use have got for possession. He has got a car is the same as saying He has a car... etc. Instead of working vertically i.e. uses of have, you are working horizontally i.e. the various uses of have to express possession. This will help keep things simple (they are actually pretty difficult already) for your learner and give him/her tools on which to build. Slow down and Use Easy Vocabulary Native speakers are often not aware of how quickly they speak. Most teachers need to make a conscious effort to slow down when speaking. Perhaps more importantly, you need to become aware of the type of vocabulary and structures you are using. Here is an example: OK, Tom. Lets hit the books. Have you got through your homework for today? At this point, the student is probably thinking WHAT! (in his/her native language)! By using common idioms (hit the books), you increase the chance that the student will not understand you. By using phrasal verbs (get through), you can confuse students who may already have quite a good grasp of basic verbs (finish instead of get through in this case). Slowing down speech patterns and eliminating idioms and phrasal verbs can go a long way to helping students learn more effectively. Maybe the lesson should begin like this: OK, Tom. Lets begin. Have you finished your homework for today? Focus on Function One of the best ways of giving a lesson shape is to focus on a certain function and take that function as the cue for the grammar that is taught during the lesson. Here is an example: This is what John does every day: He gets up at 7 oclock. He takes a shower and then he eats breakfast. He drives to work and arrives at 8 oclock. He uses the computer at work. He often telephones clients... etc. What do you do every day? In this example, you use the function of talking about daily routines to introduce or expand on the simple present. You can ask the students questions to help teach the interrogative form, and then have the student ask you questions about your daily routines. You can then move on to questions about his/her partner - thereby including the third person singular (When does he go to work? - instead of - When do you go to work?). In this way, you help students produce language and improve language skills while providing them with structure and understandable chunks of language. The next feature in this series will focus on standard curriculums to help you structure your study and some of the better classroom books that are currently available.

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT - Essay Example This spurs up the controversy over the stratification of life, whether some lives are more important than others are. This paper analyses the various theoretical propositions for capital punishment as a primary to establishing the best theoretical explanation of its role in serving justice of both the perpetrator and the victim. Riemann argues that the application of capital punishment bear an inherent deprivation of human right to life. In his further proposition, Reiman counteracts this stance by the fact that the inalienability of life is subject to an individual’s ability to affirm rationality through responsible actions. In essence, Reiman postulates that the murderer, by the acts of murder, dehumanizes him or herself and proves to be unworthy of residing among human societies and therefore the deprivation of life is self-inflicted rather than induced. Reimann argues that in paying back the perpetrator with an injury equivalent to the one the victim suffered, the punishment brings the perpetrator back down to the understanding of equity of life. It would be re-establishing equality between the perpetrator and the victim. Reiman’s philosophy of capital punishment partly subscribes to its beneficial application but gives the conditions for its application that is the assurance of the attainment of the highest level of deterrence rather than the mere satisfaction of the victim. Reiman contradictorily casts aspersions on the substantiality of death penalty arguing that its effectiveness as a means of punishment should be subject to the worthiness of its application beyond the mere satisfaction of the victims. It startles however how easy it is to determine the satisfaction of the already immortalized victim of murder to weigh it against the effects of criminals’ subjection to death as a repatriation mechanism. Kant is recognizably the proponent of the retributivist theory of capital

Comparing Media Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparing Media Systems - Essay Example With objective strategies aimed at making Facebook one of the most competitive social media, the management led by Mark Zuckerberg (founder), has been able to reduce the cost of operation. Currently, it is estimated that this media system has been spending about $536 million to meet its cost of operation. This amount is too low compared to the revenue generated explaining why Facebook continue to dominate the social media industry. Facebook has played a significant role in connecting people from different parts of the world. It is one of the cheapest means of communication that allows friends, and family members to connect and express their emotions. Currently, groups with common interests can are allowed to create a ‘group page’ which they can use to communicate without necessarily having to meet physically. With tight schedules that many people have, meeting physically continues to become a big challenge. Keeping people in touch has some psychological impact. Unlike ot her transitional media systems such as CNN, Facebook allows individuals to express their emotions through communication. This according to psychologists is imperative in stress alleviation. Facebook is also a source of information that has made it possible for people to know what is happening in different parts of the world. Just like other electronic and print media systems, Facebook can allow individuals know, and even contribute to difference social phenomena happening in different parts of the world. Politicians, businessmen, artists, and other influential forces have taken advantage of the Facebook to target their clients. In 2008 presidential debate in the United States, Facebook was one of the main communication tool that was used to allow target voters to follow events live and make their contributions. With the help of ABC in collaboration with Alselm College, a Facebook App that would make it possible for communication in this kind of setting was developed. This therefore makes facebook one of the unprecedented transnational media systems, which allow people to have a say in political and other social issues. Businesspersons have also taken advantage facebook to market their products, target and retain customers. They keep target customers informed about what they produce, where they can find them, and the price. Facebook has therefore made a positive impact in e-commerce, a phenomenon that has taken shape in the business world. Through this process, many companies have been able to increase their customer base, which consequently leads to more sales and profits. 2. Social impact of facebook While facebook has made a lot of impact on the society, this paper shall focus on the social impact. The latter will seek to analyze how facebook has transformed the lives of the people globally. In dealing with the issue of social impact of Facebook, the following questions shall be addressed: How has facebook enhanced social bonds, and communication? How does f acebook enhance information dissemination? How has facebook fostered relationship between clients and businesspersons? What are some of the criticisms of social impact of facebook? 1. Facebook and social bonds The media system theory of dependency is imperative inn explaining the kind of media that people choose. It also explains why people prefer certain

Analysis of the Film Dr. Strangelove Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of the Film Dr. Strangelove - Essay Example In this essay I analyze the movie based on the various points of criticism that it faced. Mockery of nuclear warfare and its seriousness When analyzing a film it is important to take into account the content and the period, which brought the idea about. Despite strong criticism than Stanley Kubrick made a mockery out of nuclear warfare and over simplified the entire process of war and the politics of it. It is hard to ignore that the political climate at the time leaned dangerously towards the concept of â€Å"accidental war† which was the crux of Peter George’s novel. Though the actual scenario is far from the truth and not a possibility the concept did create doubts in the minds of people. America at the time of the release was going through conflicting times and the people were divided in their opinion of the Government policies. President Kennedy was in the process of signing a treaty with the Soviet Union premier Nikita Khrushchev that called for the ban of atmosph eric nuclear testing. It may be an obsolete thought now, but in 1964, the imagery, however, lighthearted of a power hungry Brigadier general who actually made a war happen seemed convincing. Was the issue of an imminent nuclear war really a laughing matter for Stanley Kubrick? I do not think so. One major factor that I will attribute to all of his films is the amount of research and thought that he put into the art of filmmaking. Stanley Kubrick was in no way in the industry for want of nothing better to do. His movies have always made an impact on people and had a clear-cut message to send across. The film was the result of an in-depth analysis of the nuclear war and its danger. He put this strong message across very effectively with the use of satire and his excellent casting. Peter sellers gave a stellar performance in all of his 3 roles as Group Captain Lionel Mandrake, President Mirkin Muffley and, the paraplegic scientist Dr. Strangelove himself. Sterling Hayden, George C Scot t and Slim Pickens played the roles of General Jack D. Ripper, General Turgidson and the crazily lunatic power hungry Major Kong respectively, to perfection. Simplistic approach to a complex situation. There is nothing simple about the movie. The only thing that can be considered simplistic is the analysis hinted at. The movie blatantly points out that military and political powers used war as a tool to give vent to their personal repressions, very obviously hinting towards how men with sexual tensions in their personal life tend to use war as a tool to show their manliness. In this respect the film itself offers no solution to the situation. It is not clear whether Kubrick set out to expose the current climate or propose any solution to it. It was a very subjective and biased analysis of the nations’ foreign policies. If Kubrick’s intention was just to ridicule the situation and expose the callousness in which the powers treated the matter, he more than succeeded. And he did so by taking quite a few liberties and creative licenses. A classic example is the scene where the President intervenes in the scuffle between the Soviet ambassador and General Turgidson by saying "Gentlemen, no fighting in the War Room!† A classic attempt at fantastic comedy tinged with irony earmarked the concept behind the movie. It markedly pointed towards the unthinking and extremely detached view in which people in power viewed war as a whole. The movie no doubt is a gross exaggeration

BIOCHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BIOCHEMISTRY 3 - Assignment Example Vitamin C helps in preventing drying of the skin this is through promoting synthesis of lipids that act as barrier that will reduce water permeability in the skin cells (Mason 20). Vitamin C helps in photoprotection by reducing the rate of effect of chronic high-dose UVB thus reducing skin wrinkle and skin tumors Cholecystokinin is produced in small intestine and is a hormone that plays a big role in digestion of fats and protein. Cholecystokinin effect is also seen in the vagus nerve and brain. It generates the feelings of satisfaction when a person has consumed a lot of food thus shutting down the feeling of appetite. This hormone may sometime be introduced into the body for the purpose of carrying out test on diagnosis. Cholecystokinin hormone stimulates release of bile juice to the digestive tract through making the gallbladder to contract and relax. Bile is also released when the digestive tract detects fat content on the body (Mason 22). Cholecystokinin also inhibits the stomach from being emptied by providing a sensation that will result in stomach distension Secretin is hormone that occurs naturally in the body system and is produced for medicinal purposes. Secretin is used in pancreas to stimulate the secretion of digestive fluids which is reach in bicarbonates and has neutralizing agent for stomachs that are transported to the small intestine. Proteins are broken down by pepsin which are released by the stomach through stimulation by secretin (Mason 24). Gastrin is a hormone produced in the stomach lining and upper part of small intestine. Gastrin stimulates the release of gastric acid which helps in breaking down proteins in food and in absorption of certain minerals (Mason 25). Gastrin also helps in killing and disinfecting the stomach by killing bacteria that find its way to the stomach through the food. Uric acid is a chemical by

Vincent Van Gogh Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vincent Van Gogh - Research Paper Example The paper "Vincent Van Gogh" explores the art and life of Vincent Van Gogh. Van was born in 1853 in Groot-Zundert in Southern Netherlands, which was a predominantly catholic; he grew up with a striking attraction of painting and beauty. He was the son of Theodorus Gogh, a minister at the Dutch reformed church. He took his grandfather's name Vincent, whose work as an artist had been largely sculptor. As a young boy, he was a serious, thoughtful and silent, this astonished many children who grew together. Notably, art and religion were two greatest occupations in his lineage and some scholars have linked his artistic work in the family background and early exposure to the artistic world. He attended school at Zundert village from 1860s where a single catholic teacher taught more than 200 pupils. This was quite normal during this time when education was at its early stage if development in the Netherlands. Together with his sister, he moved to a boarding school in 1861 at Zevenbergen th at was about 20 miles away from his home. During his stay in school, he remained distress to be relocated away from the family members, and he began drawing and painting. In 1866, he joined a new middle school called Willem College in Tilburg. Perhaps this was the most influential turning point that influenced his career choice. During his studies, he encountered Constantine Huysmans, who was an artist, and he developed a conviction in the art. In addition, the teacher was instrumental in encapsulating.

BIOCHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BIOCHEMISTRY 3 - Assignment Example Vitamin C helps in preventing drying of the skin this is through promoting synthesis of lipids that act as barrier that will reduce water permeability in the skin cells (Mason 20). Vitamin C helps in photoprotection by reducing the rate of effect of chronic high-dose UVB thus reducing skin wrinkle and skin tumors Cholecystokinin is produced in small intestine and is a hormone that plays a big role in digestion of fats and protein. Cholecystokinin effect is also seen in the vagus nerve and brain. It generates the feelings of satisfaction when a person has consumed a lot of food thus shutting down the feeling of appetite. This hormone may sometime be introduced into the body for the purpose of carrying out test on diagnosis. Cholecystokinin hormone stimulates release of bile juice to the digestive tract through making the gallbladder to contract and relax. Bile is also released when the digestive tract detects fat content on the body (Mason 22). Cholecystokinin also inhibits the stomach from being emptied by providing a sensation that will result in stomach distension Secretin is hormone that occurs naturally in the body system and is produced for medicinal purposes. Secretin is used in pancreas to stimulate the secretion of digestive fluids which is reach in bicarbonates and has neutralizing agent for stomachs that are transported to the small intestine. Proteins are broken down by pepsin which are released by the stomach through stimulation by secretin (Mason 24). Gastrin is a hormone produced in the stomach lining and upper part of small intestine. Gastrin stimulates the release of gastric acid which helps in breaking down proteins in food and in absorption of certain minerals (Mason 25). Gastrin also helps in killing and disinfecting the stomach by killing bacteria that find its way to the stomach through the food. Uric acid is a chemical by

Rhetorical visual analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical visual analysis - Assignment Example The distinction seems to be a product applied in the bleeding eye. According to the beliefs we uphold, bleeding is associated with pain hence in the on start the message that appears in the mind is that this person must be suffering. To make matters worse, the bleeding part is one of the most sensitive parts of the body, the eye. We all are very careful what we expose our eyes to. Therefore, it appears that the lady in the advertisement was reckless in applying the product to the eye culminating in the bleeding. To demonstrate that the eye is bleeding there appears the contrast of the colors. The product applied is brownish while the bleeding is reddish. This blood is evidence that there is pain involved. The advert reveals the major consumers of the products in question. A female has been used by the advertisement to show that they are the major consumers of the product. The question that arises from is what if it were the consumer having the product tested on them. In addition, the use of a human subject arouses sympathy and pity. Hence, the message is relayed efficiently. The consumers of the product is also revealed by the predictable age group of the lady in question, she seems a vibrant and young professional who has the capacity to purchase the product she applies. The advertisement sends the message that the Americans are not only concerned about human rights but also animal rights. It also depicts that, America being a power to reckon with in research is concerned about the welfare of animals by regulating how animal subjects are used. Being a pacesetter in research such a move has influence worldwide. The advertisement has some sense of reality. This is because some scientists have been reckless in the use of animal models. It is important that as the humans try on modifying and developing products should weigh the impact of the products on the animals they use. The advert raises a lot of curiosity that leads to

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Global Warming is an issue that concerns almost everybody worldwide: it is the primary cause for the erratic and sometimes devastating weather that is experienced around the world. Global warming is causing the rise in sea level which in turn causes the flooding of coastal areas and areas with low elevation. Is global warming really happening today? Scientists with the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) believe it is so. It is indisputable that there has been a rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere during the last century, which scientists think may be one of the causes of global warming. II. Discussion A. Global Warming and doomsday Will global warming spell doom for our world? Scientists believe this to be so. Much depends on what actions we take now and in the coming years. Meteorologist Jagadish Shukla of the University of Maryland found out that deforestation would cause rainfall in the Amazon River to decline by more than 26 percent from the current 2. 5 m. to about 1. 8 m. a year. At the same time, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, produces sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which are hazardous to the atmosphere. Findings show that a single smokestack may produce as much as 500 tons of sulfur dioxide a day. When these gases combine with oxygen and moisture, sulfuric acid and nitric acid is formed. The rain will carry the acids to the ground (acid rain) which may cause the depletion of calcium and magnesium in the soil, elements needed by plants for the formation of chlorophyll and wood, or it may cause the release of aluminum in the soil, which are poisonous and can kill the roots of trees (Carwardine, 2000). According to Dr. Sadik, UN population fund’s director, said that the more people increased pressure on already stressed lands, forests and water supplies. Other sources of climatic change were attributed to some forms of gases such as nitrous oxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (Cronin, 2001). Nitrous oxide or laughing gas is a colorless gas with a sweet taste and odor that is used as an anaesthetic in minor surgery that H2O is responsible for about 6 percent of the human contributes to greenhouse warming. Methane or cow gas, on the other hand, makes up about 18 percent of human contributions to greenhouse effect. Cattle, sheep, goats, and other cud-chewing animals give off methane, in burps and flatulence as they digest. CFCs was discovered by Thomas Widgley Jr. , a chemist working at the Frigidaire Division of General Motors, used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners and aerosol propellants in spray cans, medical sterilizers, cleaning solvents for electronic components and raw materials for making plastic foams such as coffee cups. CFCs are estimated to account for 14 percent of global warming. Experts said that what is happening right now is not a matter of adding a few degrees to the average temperature of a community. A rise of this magnitude may cause life, for without the environment, creatures on earth cannot survive (Davidson, 2003). B. Recommendations a. ) Recycling and Reuse of Solid Wastes Solid wastes are now viewed as a potential resource which must be recovered and reused whenever possible. Since disposal forest resources are rapidly being depleted, recycling solid wastes offer a solution to both. Consider the element phosphorus. Mined from phosphate ores, it is manufactured into fertilizers. It enters the plant tissues and we obtain it when we eat plant as vegetable. This is later excreted and joins the sewage system. The sewage system sludge can be used directly as fertilizer or soil conditioner. b. ) Conserving our Forests Every now and then we receive alarming news about our forests being denuded. Big logging concessionaires indiscriminately cut down trees without undertaking reforestation measures. III. Conclusion Of all issues affecting humanity, climate change is the most pervasive and truly global, posing a very real and serious threat to our environment. Climate change is the alteration of the pattern of global climate that may be due to human activity that alters the composition of the atmosphere. If present day emissions of greenhouse gases continue, it is estimated that the rate of increase in global mean temperatures will reach about 0. 3o C per decade. This will mean a likely increase of 1o C above the present level by the year 2025, and 3o C before the end of the next century. Reference: 1. Carwardine, Mark (2000). The WWF Environment Handbook. London: Macdonald Optima. Attractively illustrated handbook for the general reader. 2. Cronin, Helena (2001). The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapters 2, 3, 4 (pp. 7-110). 3. Davidson, Joan (2003). How Green is your City? Pioneering Approaches to Environmental Action. London: Bedford Square Press. Guide to community action for urban renewal.

Microwaves: The History and Development

Microwaves: The History and Development Engineering Report:  Microwave Ovenbg Summary This report presents the foundation of microwaves and states the purpose of the report. It will also give detailed background information about the history of the machine. In addition, there will be an explanation towards what it does and why its needed throughout the world as well as its impact on society. Moreover, there will also be a full description of the product to full extent. The description will described; how it looks like, how it works, materials used in the product, how its assembled, how to use it and extra features of the machine. Furthermore, two drawings will be present in the report that includes isometric and orthographic, which have full measurements and angles drawn as accurate as possible. Following this, an analysis will also display   how the appliances components, sustainability, choice of materials and how well it functions will be critically researched and analysed to how effective they are and if theres any room for improvement.   Next, there will be e xtra photos of the product as well as any other extensive information about it. Adding to that, will be full descriptive recommendation of how it could be improved and conclusion covering up between the old and new product as well its major contribution towards the modern world. Lastly, there will be complete harved references to show where informations was research from. 1.0  Introduction 1.1: The Purpose of the Report. The purpose of this report is to show the foundation of how microwaves work and how they used throughout the present world. This report will discover the ways they influenced society and will be deconstructed to show all the features of this product. It will also contain calculations and diagrams in order to maximum the full experience to how this product works from the inside. This report will generate systematically to be simpler and will contain critical opinions and judgements on how it could be improved as well as key historical background to the machine. In addition, this report will feature an appendix to display extensive use of research and freehand drawing towards its parts and functions. The purpose of the report will also show the need for this product in the new technological world and will display every capability that it has to full extent. 1.2:   Background Information, historical research of this product. The microwave was first invented somewhere in the year 1946 during a radar related research project. Dr Percy Spenser was part of the project but during the investigation found something very unusual.   During the project, they were testing out a new vacuum called magnetron when suddenly he realized that the candy bar in his pocket had melted. This inspired the doctor to try out another experiment where he placed popcorn kennels near the tube and watch joyfully   as they stated to pop, cracked and sputtered all over his lab. This fascinated the doctor about this unusual discovery and so prompted another experiment the next morning with his colleague.   The experiment was placing an egg next to the magnetron and the result was the egg exploding all over the doctors lab. Mr Spenser then came up with a logical scientific experiment; the melted candy bar, the popcorn and egg all had one thing in common they were exposed to low density   microwave energy. This conclusion led the d octor that if these foods can be cooked this quickly why others cannot be as well. Dr. Spencer then invented a metal box with an opening into which he fed microwave power. The energy entering the box was unable to escape, therefore creating a higher density electromagnetic field. When the food placed in the box and microwave energy fed in, the temperature of the food increased very rapidly. Dr. Spencer knowingly knew he just designed what was to revolutionize cooking, and form the basis of a multimillion-dollar industry, called the microwave oven and put forward a plan to the Raytheon Corporation to build this machine . Unsurprisingly, in 1954 the Raytheon Corporation produced the first commercial microwave called the 1161 Radarange. It was large, expensive, and had a power of 1600 watts which wasnt very efficient towards people who wont rich. To solve this problem a   division of the company named Amana created the first domestic microwave oven in 1967 but sales were slow during the first few years, partially due to the ovens relatively expensive price tag,   later the concept of quick microwave cooking arrived. In succeeding years, a number of other companies joined the countertop microwave oven market. By the end of 1971, the price of microwave oven units began to decrease and their capabilities expanded as time moved on. 1.3: What does the product do? The microwave oven is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by heating up the particles inside while exposing it to microwaves from the electromagnetic spectrum. The waves were implemented into the machine where the inventor was experimenting with the it. 1.4: Why is there a need for this product? The microwave oven is one of the most in the important kitchen appliances in the modern day household. It provides the basic needs of everyday life and is important contribution towards the world.   The machine delivers the most of what modern technology has as it heats and cooks food   instead the old ways of heating them on a stove or on a bonfire. Moreover, the device is also much safer than the stove as it does not get hot when conducted by heat due to the material its made from, which is   stainless steel with a coating of acrylic enamel because of its low thermal conductivity. 1.5: Impact on Society The microwave oven has made a significant contribution towards society as it made life easier with a cooking and heating foods at your fingertips. This helps with timesaving and allows to serve individuals within the family at different times when necessary.   This is important because it helps   many people whom are busy due to the technological world and dont have the needed time to cook food on the stove. In addition, the microwave allows the food to be cooked much cheaper compared to the olds ways as all the components built inside, making life much more simple. This helps many people in the long run with paying the bills and assisting them to pay the more important fees. 2.0  Description 2.1: Describe the product i) What it looks like? The microwave oven is a quick and efficient machine that uses electromagnetic radiation to cook food. This fascinating machine allows people to cook food whenever they are busy or tired after a long day at work. This machines design is a rectangular prism with to vertical and horizontal lines. In addition, it also has a built in light bulb to see how your food is cooking and has a timer whenever its finished. Most microwaves will have three ventilations systems to keep the air in the microwave flowing and is used to take the radiation out. This method is necessary otherwise; the quality of the food will suffer.   Moreover, the machine also has a container at the back where it stores up the microwave energy and short circuit where its connected to the cable that is plugged towards the power point. ii) How it works? The microwave is actually quite a simple machine to how it actually works. The inside generator called the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it to high-powered microwaves. These waves then travel through the food compartment and blasted out towards the spinning turntable in order to cook the food evenly. Furthermore, the microwaves then bounce of the reflective metal wall however when these waves meet the food they dont bounce but instead penetrate it and oscillate the molecules within it. Therefore, allowing the food to become hotter and let enjoy your meal. iii) Materials used: The following materials used to make microwaves are: Stainless steel with a coating of acrylic enamel. Ceramic or glass: Electromechanical components   Steel metal: A mixture of cast iron, steel and bronze:   Stainless steel Polymer:   Medium carbon steel Hardened steel   Plastic and Copper wire: Why are these materials used? Material Uses Why? Stainless steel with acrylic enamel Used for the outside layer of the microwave Corrosion Resistance Ductile Low heat absorption Ceramic or glass Used for the cooking surface Corrosion Resistance Insulator Electromechanical components Timer motors, switches and relays Simple mechanics Conductors Steel metal Used to make magnetron tube , the waveguide, capacitor   and the stirrer fan Great conductivity Great durability Ductile A mixture of cast iron, steel and bronze Used to make the gears High tensile strength High endurance   strength Low coefficient of friction Stainless steel Used to make pulleys High strength Polymer Used to make belts High Strength Medium carbon steel Used to make screws High tensile strength Malleable Hardened steel Used to make washers Wear resistant Brittle Plastic and copper Used to make the cables Great conductivity Silicon Steel Used to make the transformer Magnetic Properties iv) How is it assembled? The process of manufacturing the microwave oven starts with the cavity that creates the microwave radiation. First, the frame is formed using automatic metal-forming presser with all of the other parts already made. The parts then move through a paint operation where the paint is heated up to 300 degrees for 20 minutes and all the parts are coated in paint. Following this, the front door receives a coat of paint and metal plate is attached to its window. The microwave then moves onto the next phase where it obtains the anode cylinder that will provide with its electricity to generate to power. Moreover, a powerful magnet is then put around the cylinder to create an electromagnetic field, creating microwaves. A thermal protector is attached directly on the magnetron to prevent damage to the tube from overheating and causing an explosion. Additionally, an antenna enclosed in a glass tube is mounted on top of the back of the microwave. The waveguide is connected to the magnetron that is a on top of the antenna, while a blower motor is attached directly to the tube. Finally, a plastic fan is attached to the motor. In addition the capacitor and the high voltage transformer   are added in as well. The main frame placed on the assembly tray and the cavity is screwed on to the chassis, which is the component that makes all the parts work together. Next, the door is attached to the cavity and chassis. The magnetron tube is   bolted to the side of the cavity and the main chassis. The circuit that produces the voltage required to operate the magnetron tube is   then mounted directly on the frame, close to the magnetron tube. The stirrer fan is mounted on top of the cavity attached directly to the fan.   Following this, the stirrer shield is screwed on top of the fan assembly. The shield prevents dirt and grease from entering the waveguide, where they could produce damage to the magnetron. The relay provides power to the transformer and a timer for the microwave. The relay is mounted close to the power transformer, while the timer is mounted on the control board. Also mounted on the control board are a timer bell that rings when your foods heated and a light bulb that allows viewing of the inside.   Furthermore, a number of interlocking switches   are secured   near the top and bottom of the door area to enable cooking options. A front panel is attached next to the front door. Behind the front panel, the control circuit board is attached. The board, which controls the various programmed operations in their proper sequence when the switches are placed on the front panel, is connected to the various components and the front panel using plug-in sockets and cables. The outer case of the microwave is made of stainless steel metal with coating acrylic enamel and assembled on a roll former. The case   is strapped onto the preassembled microwave oven and is bolted in firmly. This finally completes the process and the oven is sent for packaging. v) How to use it? The microwave oven is quite a simple machine to use with basic knowledge of a human being. The machines main purpose is to cook/heat food and requires minimal effort by having a choice of how to do it. There are many options to cook your food such as defrost, fruits, desserts options and many more. When your choice has been made just click the option and the microwave oven does it automatically for you without the need of lighting the gas stove. vi) Features and extra. There known to be three different types of oven that have been used throughout the modern world.   The original solo microwave oven, the striking grill microwave oven and the new convention microwave. These microwaves have a different variety of cooking options but use the same basic design with   components and little adjustments such as moisture sensors and LED lights.   There have also been variations changes to outside layer with it just primarily stainless steel. This design could be viewed as a disadvantage because of its electrical conductivity that wouldnt make it safe and would conduct even more heat that leads to   greater chance of the microwave overheating and being significantly damaged. Nevertheless, the microwave is still a great kitchen appliance that has proven itself to be a vital part for the modern world. 4.0  Analysis 4.1: Critical Judgment of the product i) Components The components of the microwave such as the magnetron, relay, motors, gears, capacitor, high voltage transformer, chassis and the cavity all do their job efficiently and effectively. However, they are known to have overheated in microwaves causing health hazards over a long period of time due to the immense amount of radiation. In addition, if the microwave is physically damaged or leaks it may also cause a problem as it has the chance of causing cancer if the insulator is cracked from high chemical exposure. To combat these issues the immense radiation should decrease to stop overheating and the use of less chemicals should be introduced. Overall, most of the components are safe and useful compared to some of the old ones used in the first microwave oven. ii) Materials The materials used in the microwave oven are quite great and work professionally but there a number of significant problems with them. An example of one is the steel used for the components, which may start to corrode after a   period of time. This is a major problem as if these components are damaged the microwave may have the potential of permanently shutting down.   Moreover, the extensive use of steel may cause the microwave overheating due the high electrical conductivity, which would damage its components . To solve this problems the steel metal should be replaced with less amounts of stainless steel to prone electricity and has high corrosion resistant. iii) Sustainability The microwave oven is a great sustainable kitchen appliance. Their almost no problems that is present towards the natural environment except for the usage power and possible chemical leak. Furthermore, the use in domestic industry is also not much of a problem as they can be placed where people decide especially for seniors who old and fragile.   But, this comes to a disadvantage because if microwaves are place within low heights children can play with and cause damage and may even drop it which may lead to high chemical leak if it cracks.   In addition, some children could even   place a metal object that will likely spark up and cause a fire .The immense radiation may also not be the best suitable options towards kids and seniors as their bodys arent strong enough to take the energy.   A new design should come around with there is less radiation used , the containment for the microwave energy   should be reinforced with stronger metal   and sensors which can detect betw een food and metal objects. iv)   How well it Functions? The microwave is an excellent, simple kitchen appliance that requires no work effort but basic human knowledge. The machine almost never lets you down which is why up to 92% of American households have it according to a study conducted in 1994. In addition, the appliance has had improvements over the past 50 years in order for it to be more effectively useful and safe. But, it does need a minor improvement towards the immense radiation and to reinforce the dangerous microwave energy stored in the back, Nevertheless, the microwave oven functions greats with all the components and materials needing slight developments. v) Pros and Cons of the Product Pros Great simple machine with energy efficiency. Lasts for a long period of time. Almost never fails. Portable. Best way to cook food without lighting a gas stove. Keeps all nutrients stored in the food untouched.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cons The microwave may overheat due to radiation that can cause damage. Not healthy for young children or seniors due to heat radiation. If physically broken, chemical leak may damage cell tissues, which can cause cancer. Components will eventually rust causing major damage towards the machine. 5.0  Appendix 5.1 Drawings and Photos Magnetron  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inside view High Voltage Transformer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capacitor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.2: Extra Relevant Information   The microwave oven converts only part of its electrical input into microwave energy. An average consumer microwave oven consumes 1100 W of electricity in producing 700 W of microwave power which has an efficiency of 64%. The other 400 W is used as heat mostly in the magnetron tube. In addition, any wasted heat or any microwave radiation is sent out through the cooling vents. Additional power is used to operate the lamps; AC power transformer, magnetron-cooling fan; food turntable motor and the control circuits, which only need about 100 W to all operate. In addition, the microwave oven also uses less energy compared to the gas stove due to all major components already built in. Therefore,   the microwave oven is not only cheaper than a gas stove but also uses less energy that could be life-saving towards many people who have to pay more important bills. 6.0  Recommendations/Conclusions 6.1: Recommendations The first recommendation I will make is for the type of material used in the components to be changed as most of them are made from steel metal. This metal is a great option to conduct electricity but over time, it will corrode and cause a major damaged towards the microwave oven. To solve the problem I will recommend is to replace the steel metal with stainless steel as its corrosion resistance. Therefore, allowing it to last much longer. The second recommendation that should be designed into the machine is less radiation used in the microwave. Microwave energy is not harmful but people such as seniors or young children may not be able to take the amount of heat present. In addition, even sometimes the immense radiation might overheat the microwave oven causing high damage towards its components due to them being next to the cavity. To combat this I will recommend reducing the amount of energy the magnetron produces but enough to heat food. The third recommendation that should be introduced to the microwave is the amount of chemicals used in the magnetron. Some magnetrons contains beryllium oxide which if leaked can cause a dangerous lung condition which sometimes could be fatal. Furthermore, all magnetrons contain thorium mixed with tungsten that if leaked and inhaled , can damage cell tissues and cause cancer. To fix this I will recommend taking out most of the chemicals from the magnetron so it does present a health hazard. 6.1: Conclusion The microwave oven has a significant impact on the modern world with its extensive abilities to cook and reheat food. The original form of cooking food can be dated back to Stone Age with the use of fire. Next, came the invention of gas stove in the 1820s which required great amounts of gas with a huge price on its tag. In addition, sometimes the gas stove will fail continuously but this issue was brought to the end in the 20th century. The brilliance of Dr Percys Spencer intellectual mind brought out around one of the most important kitchen appliances of todays technological world called the microwave oven. Even though, this machine had a few problems before becoming perfect. However, the advancement of technology repaired these few problems with companies eager to get their hands of this discovery and made further adjustments to its design to make it look incomparable, magnificent and stunning. Furthermore, the microwave oven uses the   technology of electromagnetic radiation to bring new life towards cold and frozen food supplying it with the most effective and efficient way possible. The microwave oven has a major influence of how the world works with its outstanding and striking capabilities that has been indeed a great achievement by mankind. 7.0  Bibliography Gallawa, J. (2013). The History of the Microwave Oven. [online] Microtechfactoryservice.com. Available at: http://www.microtechfactoryservice.com/history.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Woodford, C. (2016). Microwave ovens | How do they work?. [online] Explain that Stuff. Available at: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/microwaveovens.html [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Riaz, R. (2017). How microwave oven is made manufacture, making, used, parts, components, structure, product, Design. [online] Madehow.com. Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Microwave-Oven.html [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Sharpe, E. (2007). Microwave Oven. [online] Smecc.org. Available at: http://www.smecc.org/microwave_oven.htm [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017].

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him. Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him.

The dam human race

The Damned Human Race Mark Twain stated that he has been studying the traits and dispositions of animals and contrasting them with that of man. Be he ashamed to report that his findings are humiliating and that the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the lower animals should be called the Descent of Man from the higher animal. Twain did many â€Å"experiments† and spent much time observing his subjects. Twain first talks about how man is ravenous. An English Earl organized a buffalo slaughter.He and his party killed 72 buffalo and only ate the meat off of part of one. He tried the same hype of experiment with an anaconda where he put seven calves into a cage with an anaconda. The anaconda only ate one and then left the rest alone. Twain thinks that this shows that the Earl is descended from the anaconda rather than the other way around and that the Earl had lost something in the transition. He also points out that people will keep accumulating money, even if they have m ore than they can spend in a lifetime.Squirrels, birds, and bees also collect things, but even when given an opportunity by twain to collect more than their winter's supply, they would not do it. This led Twain to the conclusion that people are also materialistic and miserly. His other experiments also recognized many bad human traits such as revenge, offensiveness, vulgarity, obscenity, war, slavery, Patriotism, and religion. Twain believes that the defect In humans Is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time.Twain essay can be Interpreted In many ways because of its symbolism and Irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay Is entirely truthful. Even If Twain was meaning to be Ironic I think that he made a lot of good points on the negative aspect of human emotion and life. He provides many situations that are both possible and likely to happen I think this essay Is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because It Includes both rea listic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence. This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that Is hard to Ignore.Because of this I feel that this piece Is a very strong eye opener to any people living In the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what Is going on Inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again If you are suffering from these traits then you will most likely not know because you are already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained Into your mind. By reading this I got a very good Interpretation of humans, which I have never thought about before. He dam human race By staff believes that the defect in humans is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time. Twain essay can be interpreted in many ways because of its symbolism and irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay is entirely truthful. Even if Twain was meaning to be ironic I think that he made a lot of good p oints on both possible and likely to happen I think this essay is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because it includes both realistic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence.This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that is hard to ignore. Because of this I feel that this piece is a very strong eye opener to any people living in the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what is going on inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again if already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained into your mind. By reading this I got a very good interpretation of humans, which I have never thought

Reflection on Chronicles of a Death Foretold

Reflection The cultural and historical context of Marquez life played an important role in his novel Chronicles of a Death Foretold. In the 16th century, Spain colonized many parts of South America and replaced the native religion with Catholicism. While the indigenous cultural practices celebrated openness about sexuality the orthodox Catholic ideals of chastity and purity that penetrated into the local tradition during colonization.The archaic perception of honour was founded on the grounds of the Catholic ideals and it promoted gender inequality and organized crime cultures promoted violence. Marquez offers a critique of the religious system when he describes the arrival of the Bishop who is representative of the power of the Church. In preparation of the Bishop’s arrival the town prepared many cocks which are rather a physical offering to the Church rather than a spiritual offering.The state’s inability to act upon the Vicario’s brother’s action is a M arquez’s critique of the decadence of the Old Christian value system. Father Amador does not condemn the Vicario brothers for their actions but instead he says that they are forgiven on the bases of acting to avenge their sister’s honour. The mayor is also unable to take action and he simply takes away their knives. We also explored the influence of Marquez’s life on his style of writing.The influence of Marquez’s grandmother on his style of â€Å"realism† was also explored. Marquez’s grandmother’s way of telling unlikely stories as if they were facts influenced his style in Chronicles of a Death Foretold. The murder of Santiago Nasar remains a complete mystery until the end of the novel and the episodes that unfold in the story seem extremely unlikely however; the death was accepted by the reader because of factual tone in which it was told. Word Count: 298 Dissociating the allusion elements from their referents

Impact of Social Networking Sites on the Youth of India

IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES(SNS) ON THE YOUTH OF INDIA : A BIRD’S EYE VIEW. Ruchi Sachdev College of Management Studies Kanpur (UP) India Abstract-This paper is focused to find out the answer whether the social networking sites are boon or bane for today’s society. No doubt these SNS provides employment ,marketing ,personal growth ,sharing of information but the most prevalent danger through often involves online predators or individuals. These SNS has great impact on youth of India. One can easily see the entry gate of these social networking sites but it is unable to find exit for these SNS.One side these sites provide to communicate with our dear ones on the other side it creates platform for many cyber crimes. Everyone should be understood that The SNS is a â€Å"child of† computing â€Å"by computing† but† for the society â€Å". So we focused on the fact that how SNS are implementing and used in an effective manner that is also beneficia l for Indian society and what are the role of Indian youth . In this paper we focused on the positive as well as negative impact of these social networking sites on the Indian youth and what are the ethical responsibilities of the users of these sites.Keywords-IEEE standards ,internet,WI-FI, elecommunication, , online ownership, online credibility. SNS(Social networking sites) are connected, both in their leisure time, and at work. There are various factors which have prompted us to consider the implications of these technologies for policy-making. One of these is the willingness of users to embrace SNS as a means of communication and social networking in everyday life. The increasing dependence on technology for basic communication also highlights the importance of analyzing how SNS are affecting daily processes.Sites like Face book, Friend ster and LinkedIn are influencing the way users establish, maintain and cultivate a range of social relationships, from close friendships to ca sual acquaintances. II CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES The basic characteristics of social networking sites can be explained with the help of following table-1 FEATURES Presentation of oneself DESCRIPTION The basic level of entry in most SNS is the setting up of a ‘profile': a personalized page developed by the user in which he/she presents him/herself to peers, through text, photos music and videos amongst others Functionalities.SNS allow users to mobilize and organize their social contacts and profiles in the way they want other members to see them. I INTRODUCTTON Social networking phenomenon has emerged over the past ten years. In that time, social networking sites (SNS) have grown from a niche to a mass online activity, in which tens of millions of internet users are engaged, both in their leisure time, and at work. However, there has been very little research on the socio-economic impact of these sites in the Indian context. In this paper we focused on the impa ct of these social networking sites on the youth of India in both positive as well as negative phase.Social networking is a phenomenon which has existed since society began. Human beings have always sought to live in social environments. The proliferation of social networking sites (SNS) and their pervasion in everyday practices is affecting how modern Indian youth societies manage their social networks. To a significant extent, SNS have shifted social networking to the Internet. In less than five years, these sites have grown from a niche online activity into a phenomenon through which tens of millions of internet users Externalization of dataThe externalization of networks is possibly one of the first times online users have been able to view their own online social networks, and share them with friends and the general public. Some SNS also support applications which allow users to describe the relation between themselves and other members. Though notions of virtual communities ha ve existed since the beginning of online applications, SNS support new ways for people to connect between themselves. Users of these sites may choose to communicate through various digital objects, such as tags and in-built applications within the SNS, such as the ‘visual shelf' application in Facebook.Users may join a community of book readers, connecting through books they have liked [4]. New ways for community formation Bottom-up activities SNS provide the ideal platforms through which users with similar values and interests can come together to collaborate effectively and cheaply. For instance, doctors can share and double check rare medical cases on health SNS such as Within3, or activists can organize a protest through sites like Care2 [5]. A major attribute of SNS' popularity is their simplicity.Anyone with basic internet skills can create and manage an online SNS presence. Prior to SNS, users gained an online presence by having a personal homepage [6]. The drawbacks we re that these homepages are not easy to create and development and hosting of the site often incur costs. In contrast, SNS are free of charge and open for anyone to join. Most of them require registration, while others limit membership through an invitation from members who are already members of the site. SNS support new points of entry to the internet: people's personal worlds.Until recently, people spoke of the internet in metaphors of places (cities, addresses, and homepages). Ease of use Figure 1: Graph 1[2] (a) Negative Impact of SNS on Youth of India Reorganization of Internet geography Table 1[5]: Taking all these characteristics together, we can observe significant changes in how users network and operate their social contacts according to different social environments. In particular, SNS seem to be influencing and shaping the way we communicate between ourselves and how we manage our social contacts.In considering the disadvantages, respondents identified a number of negat ive aspects of online social networking including: (i) the time-consuming nature of online social networking sites, Indian youth admitting that they waste a lot of time on these sites. (ii) Concern about access to personal information by others, with almost half of the youth worried that â€Å"non friends? may see their personal information. (iii) Concern that information posted may be used against them. The waste timing percentage of Indian youth on SNS can be explained with the graph shown it figure 2. IIISOCIAL IMPACT OF SNS ON INDIAN YOUTH There has been significant interest and concern about the risks of online social networking because of access to personal information and the anonymity that the system allows. A number of public cases of bullying and identity theft have put this issue in the public arena. In the survey participants were asked whether they have ever had a bad social networking experience. A considerable number of respondents in a survey (28%) reported having h ad a negative online experience with adults aged below 30 the most likely to export this (60%).These participants were asked to provide further information about the negative experience. For most respondents the experience reflected unwanted contact or people posting in appropriate or upsetting information online. Some respondents specified having online bullying and provided examples such as abusive messages and harassment from someone of the opposite sex. The number of users using SNS according to age group can be explained with the help of the graph shown it figure 1. Figure 2: Graph 2[3] b) Other Negative Impacts Of Sns The negative effects of a new technology are never fully visible in the initial stages due the hype and excitement involved. However with time we observe the more time we spend online the more connected we get hence the urge to not miss out on anything this induces an invisible layer of stress and pressure on the individuals. The very fabric of our societies is n ow beginning to take a new shape. scientist has warned. Sites such as Face book, Twitter and Bebo are said to shorten attention spans, encourage instant gratification and make young people more self-centered. i) My fear is that these technologies are infantilizing the brain into the state of small children who are attracted by buzzing noises and bright lights, which have a small attention Span and who live for the moment. (ii) A 2010 Case Western Reserve School of Medicine study showed hyper-networking (more than three hours on social networks per day) and hyper texting (more than 120 text messages per day) correlated with unhealthy behaviors in teens, including drinking, smoking and sexual activity.Hyper-networking was also associated with depression, substance abuse, poor sleep patterns, suicide and poor academic performance [4]. (iii) While the above studies show actual correlations between social networking and negative consequences, others argue that many other negative consequ ences may exist that have not yet been studied. Some of the harmful effects people suggest social networking has that have not yet yielded conclusive study results include: can also be positives. I guess there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to the effect social networks are having on us all in this day and age.It has never been easier to make friends than it is right now, mainly thanks to social networking sites. Just a few decades ago it was pretty tough to connect with people, unless you were the overly outgoing type able to make conversation with anyone at a party. The rise of mobile phones helped change this, connecting people in a new way, but then social networks sprang up and the whole idea of friendship changed once more and forever. It’s entirely possible to have hundreds of friends on Face book.They may not be friends you know on a personal level and spend time with in the real world on a weekly basis. But they’re friends nevertheless [7]. There are several people I consider friends who I have never met – indeed, I may never meet them – but that doesn’t lessen the connection we have thanks to social networks. Other major positive impacts are given as(d) Speedy Communication: Our time is being stretched thinner and thinner by work and family commitments, but social networking sites offer a chance to communicate in a speedy and efficient manner.Writing an update (i) Social networking websites are causing alarming changes in the brains of young users, an eminent (ii) Encouraging poor grammar, usage, and spelling Allowing the spread of misinformation that may be perceived as fact even in light of evidence to the contrary. †¢ Exposing children to online predators †¢ Creating a culture in which a single mistake such as a racy picture or poorly thought-out comment can cause irreparable harm to your reputation †¢ Decreasing productivity as workers habitually check social networking sites while they should be working. Providing information that increases the risk of identity theft. (c) Positive Impact of Social Networking Sites Social networking isn’t for everyone, but it’s now such a massive part of all our lives, whether we embrace or reject the notion, that it can no longer be ignored. But are social networking sites such as Face book, Twitter, and Google+ a force for good or evil? As with most questions there are multiple angles to approach this quandary from.Having already looked at the negative impact of social networking sites on society, I thought it only fair to redress the balance. Every ying has its yang, after all. Using the previous article as a loose template it’s clear to see that what some people would conceive as negatives for Twitter takes all of 20 seconds and with cross-posting over other social networks switched on, that update reaches everyone you want it to reach (and probably more besides) in an instant[5] . Social networking sites a llow you to live a life unhindered by small talk. e) In Touch with the world: It isn’t just your inner circle of close friends and even closer family members that social networking sites allow you to communicate with easily and effectively, either. They open the world up to you, making it a smaller place than it has ever been before. So much so that I actually haven’t a clue where many of my contacts reside. When it comes to social networks everyone is equal, regardless of location. Family living abroad can be kept abreast of the latest happenings in your world as quickly as those living next door.Friends who you haven’t seen since school, and who have since moved away, are able to keep in touch. Location-based services such as Foursquare and Gowalla emphasize your location but social networking as a whole means it has become a lot less important. Social networking sites have made the world a smaller place. (f) Building Relationships: There is no doubting that s ocial networking sites can lead to the breaking up of relationships. But there is another side to the tale, which is that people are moving onto other, perhaps better, relationships at the same time.Social networks can put you (back) in touch with those you have lots in common with, and that common ground is often the starting point for longlasting relationships. (f) Promises of Ownership and Authorship Online. (g) Maintain Credibility. So the youth of Indian can play an important role to reduce the negative impact of social networking sites sucha that it can be used in the beneficial way. V CONCLUSION IV ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY OF YOUTH USING SNS The new digital social networking media are a frontier that is rich with opportunities and risks, particularly for young people.Through SNS technologies, young people are participating in a range of activities, including social networking, blogging, vlogging, gaming, instant messaging, downloading music and other content, uploading and shar ing their own creations, and collaborating with others in various ways. Five key issues are at stake in the new social networking media identity, privacy, ownership and authorship, credibility, and participation [8]. These issues decide the social and ethical responsibilities of the youth that using the services of social networking sites. a) Every person that using the SNS should be aware about their rights and moral responsibilities. (b) We should respect the authentication and privacy of those members that are using SNS. (c ) We should follow the ethics of online identity. (d) Create culture of disclosure. (e) Online, a number of strategies—including privacy settings, selective disclosure, code switching, and deception are used by youth to control the presentation of their identities and thereby manage their privacy. Most social networking sites have privacy settings that allow users o limit access to their profiles to a narrow audience of confirmed friends, and evidence s uggests that many young people use them. (e) The online culture of disclosure holds important promises for young people, including empowerment of themselves and others, the creation of communities of support around shared struggles, and the development of a broad ethical sense of responsibility with respect to privacy. No doubt that SNS has great impact on the Indian youth it has lot of challenges which we have to face .There are many questions arise when we think about the impact of these SNS that What does it mean to manage online privacy in an ethical manner? How do online spaces facilitate and undermine ethical thinking about privacy? How much personal information is reasonable to share online? Young people who share personal experiences online taking steps to protect their own and others’ identities, and are these steps sufficient? Is it reasonable for young people to expect a certain measure of privacy when it comes to their online lives?Who is at fault when an unintend ed audience can read a young person’s revealing blog or MySpace page? So we should focus on the ethical use of these SNS so that it serves our society in a right way and the youth can play an important role because SNS is a boob and curse both for the Indian society . In one hand it provides away to connect our dear ones on the other side it gives a platform that become danger for Indian heritage and culture. REFERENCES [1] Introduction to SNS technology, Retrieved on September 24, 2006 From www. wi-fitechnology. om [2] Consumer Reports (2010). Social insecurity: What millions of online users don't know can hurt them. Retrieved from http://www. consumerreports. org/cro/magazinearchive/2010/june/elec tronics-computers/social-insecurity/overview/index. htm [3] Nie, N. H. & Hillygus, D. S. (2002). The impact of internet use on sociability: Time-diary findings. IT & Society, 1, 1 – 20. [4] IEEE 802. 16 and WiMAX: Social networking sites Access for Everyone, Intel Corporati on, 2003. http://www. intel. com/ebusiness/pdf/SNS/intel/80216_wimax. df [5] The Role of Technology in Telecom Expansion in India†, IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp 88-94, November, 1998. [6] Bender off, E. 2007. â€Å"Cheating a Real Problem in youth’s Virtual World. † Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://www. chicagotribun e. com/business/chi-0703080167mar08,0, 4256114story? cull=chi-bizfont-hed. [7] Of com. (2008). Social networking: A quantitative and qualitative research report into attitudes, behaviors and use. Retrieved from http://stakeholders. ofcom. org. uk/binaries/research/medialiteracy/report1. pdf