Literary Response

In May, the author tells of his/her chance encounter with a copperhead on the road one night as it lay â€Å"golden under the street lamp,† silent and tense and fearless. Having long wanted to see one, he/she kneels down transfixed, fascinated by its lethal grace, its being unlike the common black and green and garter snakes that evince only shyness; here is a real death striker within arm’s reach. The author remembers not its distinct markings or size or other physical characterstic other than the fact that its head is â€Å"wedge-shaped and fell back to the unexpected slimness of a neck,† its body â€Å"thick, tense and electric.† He/she moves a little, catching the creature’s attention; it jerks as if to attack, and he/she jumps back.   The snake flows â€Å"on across the road and down into the dark,† leaving him/her alone to contemplate the woods and the stars.Only a reptile, but what feelings it does evoke! Meeting the copperhead is an exciting experience that leaves one more capable of appreciating life. â€Å"I hope to see everything in this world before I die,† says the author, speaking of a hope that is uniquely human. The poem captures an impression, a feeling, and by so doing prints an image of the poet as well: curious, contemplative, daring, desirous to embark on a quest to discover everything that life has to offer.Almost everyone shares the author’s wish to â€Å"see everything in this world† before he/she dies, like the boy in Van Dyke’s The Blue Flower who, seeing his own burial lot already allotted to him, becomes terribly restless, â€Å"longing to see the world and to taste happiness† before his time comes to sleep beneath the elm tree where his future graveyard lies. Such, to my mind, is the author’s yearning: she is drawn to the copperhead as a moth is drawn to a flame, or a soldier lured to the battlefield, not by dreams of glory and honor, but by some v ague notion that a face-to-face confrontation with death would make him better appreciate the joy of living.But why does one have to look for excitement in things as wild, as unpredictable, as deadly as a copperhead? Perhaps, humans are drawn to the snake by the realization that they have a thing in common: a vulnerability without the fang. Remove man’s weapons, and he is but a feeble animal.   Of course, one can learn everything about snakes through books or the Internet or the science lab.   The author, if he/she wants to, can view the copperhead in its glass cage as it sleeps, coiled and undisturbed.   But a snake in the open, especially in one’s yard, always strikes terror.Like the serpent in the garden of Eden, it suggests cunning, mystery, power. Gliding and winding and recoiling, it has a beauty that seduces and mesmerizes. One must see a real snake up close and personal to have a glimpse of the real world. In this regard, â€Å"to see everything† d oes not simply amount to viewing things through a microscope, or watching a lion in its kingdom in the veldt from the safety of a car. It is akin to courting danger for the love of being scared, to feel one’s blood pulsing upon coming face to face with real-life demons. It is not seeing the world the way a tourist normally does, nor as a nature lover admires butterflies.   Nor is it a foolhardy man’s courtship of danger. The author does not go out of his/her way to meet the snake; it happens by chance. His/her wish â€Å"to see everything in this world† does not necessarily refer to making a solo voyage across the ocean, or free-falling from a cliff, or climbing the Himalayas â€Å"because it’s there.† It is not seeking danger for its sake, but finding comfort in deliverance when real danger comes along.The author’s desire â€Å"to see everything in this world† before dying echoes Thoreau’s self-admonition on his quest, livin g by himself in the woods, â€Å"to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life . . . to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms† (Walden). May’s author may not have gone to the extent of exploring the earth’s frontiers, at least not that we know of, to see everything in this planet: his/hers is only a hope, perhaps a childish one, for nobody can ever hope to see everything in a multiple of lifetimes. It is a powerful voice, nonetheless, emanating from within, that is always heard above the din of humanity.In a sense,   May is Rubaiyat-like in its simplicity: â€Å"make the most of what we may yet spend,/ Before we too into the Dust Descend.†   Of course, May never tells us to indulge before we die, nor does it preach or call our attention to the plight of endangered species. But it gives an impression of urgency: life is too short to be squandered on trivial pursuits.The author sees the copperhead not in some desert but in an in habited town, perhaps a city fringed by woods, illumined not by the sun or moon but by a street lamp. Perhaps it is a reminder of our affinity with the wild.   Maybe it is one way of telling us that material comforts and soft living have deprived us of the age-old need to go out and face our monsters. After the copperhead has flown â€Å"across the road and down into the dark,† the author â€Å"stood a while, listening to the small sounds of the woods and looking at the stars.† He/she notes that â€Å"after excitement we are so restful† and that â€Å"when the thumb of fear lifts, we are so alive.† Restfulness and vivacity are the aftermath of excitement and fear. But is it possible to become restful and alive at the same time? Meditative, or thoughtful, would be more apt. One can be brimming with life and excitement even when confined to a sickbed.The encounter with the copperhead heightens the author’s appreciation of nature’s other gift s, such as the small sounds of the woods and a view of the stars. At night, one can hear faint stirrings in the forest as predator and prey make their nocturnal rounds: a squirrel being caught in a coyote’s jaws, a rat being snatched by an owl on the wing. Yet humans do not really know, cannot really comprehend the life-and-death struggles that occur in their midst unless they too assume the role of predator or prey, killer or victim. The former is excited by the fact that it has power over the weak; the latter by the fact that it can outrun, even outwit, its pursuer. Has this not been the lot of all creatures since time began? In meeting the copperhead, the author unexpectedly catches a glimpse of what life really consisted of before civilization. By listening to the woods, one can hear the coming and going of life. By looking at the stars, one can wish life would go on forever.Every human at some point early in life feels an itch to set out and conquer the world, like the f rog in the parable of the well, or like the pioneers in the old West who could not settle down despite the abundance of game and the rich land of the frontier; they always wanted to move on, to find out what lay over the horizon all the way to the Pacific. That is man’s nature, and nothing has stopped him – not if it took all the copperheads in the world – to go and see what there is to find, even if it would only lead to frustration and despair. Every person yearns to find his/her El Dorado.May suggests endless possibilities, once-in-a-lifetime chances, secrets waiting to be discovered, if only we are willing to face them. Day after day we meet common people that do not impress us by their shyness, ordinary people, boring people. The daily routine becomes a blur and before we know it we are old, confined to a wheelchair, unsure of whether or not we had ever lived at all.   But once in a rare while we come across a deadly copperhead.May is all about someoneâ⠂¬â„¢s feelings after a brush with a poisonous snake. Maybe it is not about crossing the Sahara or climbing Mount Everest after all, but simply a matter of having to confront our own copperheads as we chance upon them in our everyday lives.WORKS CITEDDyke/The_Blue_Flower/>Khayyam, Omar. The Rubaiyat. 31 May 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Divine Command Theory Essay

Divine Command Theory is an ethical theory which claims that God’s will is the foundation of ethics. Based on Divine Command Theory, things are morally right or wrong, compulsory, allowed or disallowed if God or deities commands it. In Divine Command Theory, what makes an act moral or immoral is that God commands or prohibited it. Apart from being commanded by God to do certain thing, some other aspect of Divine Command Theory, also hold that an action is moral if Divine motivated. In this motivation aspect of Divine Command Theory, we can say that apart from the religious documents someone can be motivated to carry out moral. The Divine Command Theory is divided by some Scholars into three ethical sub frame work: (1) Religion communities, (2) Command as motivated (3) Created morality. These three sub frame work is in practice in all the major religion of the world today, like Christian, Islam and Judaism, but with slit difference. The Religion Communities Frame Work This type of Divine command Theory hold that only God commands is moral. And that only the true believers of God’s command or religion community members can explain and obey God’s command. For instance some Christian denomination claim that when you are in the Church auditorium and it compound one need to put off his shoe to follow what God instructed Moses in Media, thus seeing the auditorium to represent the holy place in that particular passage of the Bible, while other do not interpret the passage that way. The Religion Community Frame work views the Divine Command Theory meaningless to unbelievers. And that they (non believer) cannot abide with God command except they believed in God. The Command as Motivation Framework This frame work holds that some actions are morally right without Divine commands, but God’s commands empower or motivate people to act morally. In other words some actions are morally good even if God do not issue command, but the commands of God put people in proper shape to act in accordance with that morality The proponent of this frame work believed that only individual who truly believed in God can obey God’s command. They claim that if someone did not believe in God, he may want to be moral, but such person will act contrary to these moral when they are in difficult situation because of lack f motivation. For example if someone who does not believe in God, he may decide not to steal but when faced with challenges like; lacking or hunger he may revised his decision. But someone who believed in God will be motivated by the command to abide by the term. The Created Morality Frame Work Created morality hold that only God will and commands are moral. Any actions outside God are immoral. This framework tries to establish that only those who believed in God can do things which are moral. And that anything done without acknowledge to God’s will is immoral. In other words no action is good on its own, rather God determine what is good. For instance if someone refuse to steal in other not to put pains on ethers as a result of the loose of his property, the person is not moral because he is not refraining because God is against that act. The view of divine command theory is one that ties together morality and religion in a way that is very comfortable for most people, because it provides a solution to pesky arguments like relativism and objectivity of ethics. An action is morally acceptable if God commands such an action and morally wrong if God prohibit such an action. The theory has been criticized by numerous philosophers, including Plato, Kai Nielson, and J. L. Mackie. The theory also has many defenders, both classic and contemporary, such as Thomas Aquinas, Robert Adams, and Philip Quinn. Although the basic premise of the divine command theory is rather simple (what God commands is good, therefore do only that). Things get somewhat complicated once we start to consider why God’s commands are good. In the light of the foregoing, had it been that God commanded otherwise e. g. we should inflict suffering on others for fun, then doing so would be morally right. We would be obligated to do so, because God commanded it. If God commanded us to inflict such suffering, doing so would become the morally right thing to do. People would conclude by saying that the foundation of morality becomes arbitrary. The main fact is that, that God could have made a different decision does not make His decision arbitrary. What is in accordance with God’s command is moral and what is contrary to that command is immoral, period. It must be concluded that any independent views people have on what is moral and immoral are irrelevant and irreverent. As God will never change, so moral truth will never change. A major assumption of the divine command theory of ethics is that God is good (benevolent) and only wills good things (or issues good commands) for the sake of humanity. Any concern over the nature of God’s command merely indicates that such people do not have complete faith in God, and therefore, in His command. If they did, then they would be wholly unquestioning of, and obedient to Him. The criticisms over divine command theory would simply not arise, for people who have the genuine, and therefore complete, faith in Him. God created the universe and everything in it, including human being. If God created human beings, then God has an absolute claim on our obedience, if God has an absolute claim on our obedience, then we should always obey God’s commands. Therefore, the divine command theory is true. Criticism of Divine Command Theory: The Euthyphro dilemma Critics of Divine command theory have used the Euthyphro dilemma since the period of Plato who spoke through the mouth of Socrates to criticize the Divine command theory, that says morality should based on what God or gods commanded. The Euthyphro dilemma is named after Plato’s dialogue â€Å"The Euthyphro† in which Socrates posed a question â€Å"Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods? † In other words Socrates is asking, whether something is good because God or gods pronounced or commanded that we should do it, or something is good that made God or gods to pronounce or commanded it. Whichever way one support on this Euthyphro dilemma, it is still very controversial. For instance, if someone says something is good because God or gods pronounced or commanded that we should do it, such person will be met with two objections: the abhorrence objection and the emptiness objection. The Abhorrence Objection If an action is good only because God command such action, then what would happen if God or gods chose to issue an abhorrent command? What if instead of God command that we should not kill, He changes it to we should kill or commit other atrocities like robbery, raping, etc. Under Divine command theory or to support divine command theory, an abhorrent would be requiring. That is it a most that such atrocity is committed, in order to be moral. This may contradict a believer expectation of God or gods yet it would require abhorrent to the commandment because God or gods commanded such. In Divine command theory we say the mass killing of people including children by the Israelites recorded in the Holy Bible or the fanatic Muslim like â€Å"boko haram† who kills in the name of religion is moral. But does these really justifies morality? A deep look at this will continue to generate more problems. For instance some people will classify that some act that others do, that they do not subscribe to is not from God or gods. So how can we then know that which is from God or how can we identify those that God directed to carry out his will? This will be the next question that might be raised. The Emptiness Objection If any particular action is good because God commands such, then God serve as the ultimate arbiter of what is morally right and wrong. An issue will then arise, whether the statement â€Å"God is good† has any meaning where God determines what is good. Divine Command Theory proponent state â€Å"God is good†, while the Divine Command Theory itself claim that â€Å"good is whatever God commands†. The emptiness objection transposes these statements and claim that saying â€Å"God is good† is the same thing as â€Å"go Some said the multiple religions in the world which claim to have different command from the same od is whatever God commands†. The argument is then made that this statement is empty or meaningless. Because abhorrent of Divine Command Theory strongly believed that the concept â€Å"God is good† and â€Å"good is whatever God commands† are meaningful. The Irrelevance Objection Looking at the other aspect of the Euthyphro dilemma, that is, if someone says something is good that made God or gods pronounce or commanded it becomes more problematic. This is called the irrelevance objection which is totally against the divine command theory. This holds that something is moral or immoral independence of God’s will. So even God commanded it or not it is still morally alright. Other Criticism of Divine Command Theory Apart from the Euthyphro dilemma oppositionist of Divine command theory also try to argue in other form to render the Divine command theory uncalled for. Some said the multiple religions in the world which claim to have different command from the same God in which some of the commands are against each other. For example, Muslim and Christian even Judaism will have different view or notion on a particular issue and each will claim that God commands such. The question then is, how can the same God give out this kind different command to this people? The critics said if God is the one that gave this command it must be a universal command. Meanwhile other critics of Divine Command Theory asked an epistemological question, how can we know the will and command of God? They asked further, if the scripture can be used as guide to morality? Some proceed to asked, if the scripture is still the will of God to this present age or for the living then? They, the critics said if Divine Command is a motivator, how then can we use the scripture as guide to morality? They claim that obey the scripture should not be seen as obeying divine command. Because, God or the deities that gave this command is still alive and we continue to issue new commands, they added that as people heard the command many centuries ago, people must hear it now and will continue to hear until the deity or God does not exist again. Many Philosophers and Religious over many centuries have attempted to proof the objection raised by the Euthyphro Dilemma as unsound argument against the Divine Command Theory. These defenders of Divine Command Theory argue that the logical flow of the argument of Socrates is invalid. The Divine command Theorist claim that it is not necessary that the believer in this command of God or gods limit them self to either of the two point of the Euthyphro dilemma postulated by the Plato’s intellectual work. The Divine Command Theorist also tries to disagree with each of the objection raised by the Euthyphro dilemma. Some of the advocates of the Divine Command Theory said, the abhorrent objection is not correct because God is a loving God and can never or we never issue a command which is abhorrent. With this they rule out any possibility of God issue an abhorrent command. Meanwhile others proponent of Divine Command Theory hold that, God nature will prevent him from issuing abhorrent command. On the emptiness objection, defenders of Divine Command Theory argue that, it is never an empty statement to claim that God is good and that what God commands is good. They argued logically that if God is good, everything he does or says is good, therefore God command is good. The irrelevance objection was counter on the ground that, if something is good prior to the time God issue a commands such, God is the one that made it good then. And now that he issues a command to effect it can never be said to be irrelevance to the goodness of that. In other words things that are good are made so by no other person but by God. And if God decided that what is good before should now be made a command, it is to make people act in accordance to the nature of God which is good. New form of Divine Command Theory The critic argument against Divine command Theory and many other problems raised about it have made it difficult to be practice by religion in society of this world. This has also made advocates to put forth strong argument for Divine Command Theory. Philosopher like Robert Adams postulated a reform Divine Command Theory, where he substituted the word God with ‘loving god’, he argue that a loving God will never issue an abhorrent command. He therefore suggests that any command that tends to be abhorrent in nature is not from loving God. And that that must not be obey. In other words people that do things that are not moral, and tried to link it God’s command should be disregarded, because God cannot give abhorrent command. This reformed Divine Command Theory is now what must religions of the world practice which also go in line with normal ethical theory.

Understand The Alcohol Behaviour And Consumption Health Essay

Brunel University is a individual university campus situated in the West of London ; it is a place to about 15,000 pupils with about 4,500 being postgraduate pupils ( Brunel University, 2012 ) . The big pupil population offers a ready market for intoxicant ingestion. The university and the Union of Brunel Students sell big sums of intoxicant to the pupil through its bars, saloons and convenient shops within the campus. Evidence from literature shows that overconsumption and maltreatment of intoxicant leads to ; reckless sexual behavior, minor offenses and although problematic it affects the academic public presentation of the pupils ( Webb, 1997 ; Underwood, 2000 ) . The pupil brotherhood runs an one-year intoxicant run during the â€Å" freshman ‘s hebdomad † as portion of the brotherhood ‘s candidacy activities.The run purposes to better the wellness behavior of pupils sing intoxicant and it educates them on the effects and dangers of overconsumption of intoxican t ( Union of Brunel Students, 2011 ) . Traveling to university is an exciting clip in the lives of the immature, this is the clip they postpone many grownup functions and duties as they develop their normative accomplishments like doing new friends, developing liberty and many others. This new sense of freedom coupled with other factors like equal force per unit area may set them at hazard of intoxicant maltreatment ( Larimer, 2005 ; Mentor UK, 2007 ) . Several surveies done in the last twosome of old ages have shown that many university pupils consume heavy sums of intoxicant and transcending the hebdomadal intoxicant bound set up by the UK Government ( Gill, 2002 ) . Underwood ( 2001 ) noted that undergraduate pupils in UK universities consumed high sums of intoxicant with many of the pupils acknowledging to gorge imbibing.Purposes and AimsWith bulk of the surveies concentrating on the intoxicant ingestion and behavior of undergraduate pupils, there is a spread in literature sing the intoxicant ingestion and behavior of postgraduate pupils. This survey aims to make full this spread in literature by concentrating the research on the graduate student pupils. From the literature there is small grounds demoing that there have been surveies done to mensurate the impact of the university led intoxicant runs on the pupil population particularly within the UK. Most universities run alcohol run but really few measure them to happen out if the run had an impact in altering the pupils behaviour and attitudes towards intoxicant ingestion ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) . The survey aims to understand the intoxicant behavior and ingestion of Brunel University ‘s graduate student pupils and besides happen out whether the Brunel Alcohol Campaign has had an impact on their imbibing behavior. The aims of this survey are: To bring forth informations on intoxicant ingestion of graduate student pupils within Brunel University. To happen out if the graduate student pupils are cognizant of the intoxicant run run by the University. To happen out how effectual the intoxicant run is on the graduate student pupils. Based on the grounds of the survey recommendations will be given to the university on how to better the intoxicant run.Research inquiry and hypothesisThe research inquiry is: What is the impact of the intoxicant run on the intoxicant ingestion of graduate student pupils? The hypothesis inquiry that will be tested is: Null Hypothesis: Is there a difference in intoxicant ingestion between male and female graduate student pupils? Alternate hypothesis: there is a difference in intoxicant ingestion between male and female graduate student pupils. Evidence from literature suggests that there is a little difference in the ingestion of intoxicant between male and female pupils. With some surveies describing that that female pupils consume alcohol more to a great extent than their male opposite numbers ( Dantzer, 2006 ) . The hypothesis was tested utilizing the information analysis plan SPSS. The qi square trial was used to reject or accept the void hypothesisResearch BenefitThis research will profit the university by allowing them know whether the intoxicant run has had an impact on the graduate student pupils and how they will necessitate to better it. It will besides add to the organic structure of literature sing the intoxicant ingestion and behavior of the graduate student pupils.Research StructureThe survey will hold a literature reappraisal chapter, whereby literature that is relevant to alcohol ingestion and the intoxicant campaigns done within universities in the UK will be searched and reviewed. The literature reviewed was both quantitative and qualitative research carried out associating to the research inquiry ( Punch, 2000 ) . The literature was reviewed and critically appraised before the research. All the relevant literature was written in English. Relevant literature was searched in di aries like, the British medical diary ( BMJ ) , the Lancet, Cochrane reappraisal library, Cinahl, Medline and Google bookman. The library was besides searched for books that were relevant to the research subject ( Bell, 2005 ) . Some of the hunt footings to be used while seeking the diaries were: intoxicant run in universities within the UK, intoxicant ingestion among university pupils in the UK. The flow chart below shows the literature reappraisal procedure If non spread out literature hunt to include more surveies Use the inclusion/exclusion standards to choose relevant literature Define hunt scheme to place literature Figure 1.1: literature reappraisal procedure Is the grounds gathered sufficient to reply the inquiry? The selected surveies are reviewed and evaluated utilizing the critical assessment tool ( CASP ) Abstractions reviewed to choose documents of the correct survey and are run intoing the survey standards Literature hunt utilizing bing grounds based guidelines Population-Intervention-control- result Key inquiry The methodological analysis chapter will place the type of research to be carried out and methods used to roll up informations and its analysis will be detailed. It besides identifies the population targeted by the research. The methodological analysis will besides foreground the restrictions of the survey ( Matthews and Ross, 2010 ) . The consequences chapter will analyze the informations collected and the consequences will be presented utilizing tabular arraies and graphs. The treatment chapter will discourse the findings of the analysed informations and nexus to current or old research done in relation to the research subject. The decision and recommendation chapter will give a sum-up of the research carried and give recommendations based on the findings. Determination of design construction Stating of inquiries and hypothesis Figure.2: Diagram demoing the research design Analysis of informations, drawing of decisions and farther recommendations given Transporting out informations aggregation Choosing the statistical trial for proving the hypothesis Planing informations aggregation tool Identifying the population of interestCHAPTER 2Literature Review2.1. BackgroundAlcohol is the most widely used psychotropic drug in many states in the universe ( Moodie and Hulme, 2004 ) . Besides the ingestion of intoxicant in societal assemblages is a common characteristic in many states around the universe where its ingestion is legal ( WHO, 2011 ) . Surveies have shown that there are assorted grounds why people consume intoxicant, these include ; societal force per unit area, escape, assurance supporter and as stress alleviation ( Moodie and Hulme, 2004 ; Talk rehab, 2009 ) . Depending on the measure consumed intoxicant may both positive and negative effects ( Gronbaek, 2009 ) . It has been argued that there are some positive effects for those who consume moderate sum of intoxicant such as increasing palatableness of nutrient and cardio protective consequence on the bosom for those who consume moderate sums of vino. It can besides be said to hold a positive benefit to mental well ness ( Caswell, 1996 ; Gronbaek, 2009 ) . Alcohol may hold inauspicious effects on those who consume it above the recommended safe bounds ( WHO, 2011 ) . Some of the negative effects include ; sickness after a heavy dark of imbibing ( Drinkaware, 2012 ) , for those who consume at extreme degrees it may ensue in liver cirrhosis ( Moodie and Hulme, 2004 ) , depression and can besides take to alcohol poisoning when consumed in inordinate measures ( Drinkaware, 2012 ) . Globally harmful usage of intoxicant consequences in approximately 2,5million deceases per twelvemonth ( WHO, 2011 ) . Globally around nine per cent of those aged between 15 and 20 nine dice each twelvemonth from the overconsumption of intoxicant ( WHO, 2011 ) . Alcohol is besides the 3rd hazard factor of disease load globally it follows insecure sex and childhood underweight ( WHO, 2011 ) . Some of the hazards associated with intoxicant maltreatment are both knowing and non-intentional fatal hurts, route accidents and force ( Moodie and Hulme, 2003 ) . Alcohol is readily available in states where it is legal and has been approved for usage. In the UK intoxicant is sold from licenced premises to those aged 18 and above ( DirectGov, 2012 ) . Although there are reported instances where those minor come into contact with intoxicant either through deceitful agencies while others are given intoxicants by their parents ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) . The early entree to intoxicant has been linked to early orgy imbibing which subsequently becomes frequent in later old ages which may ensue to alcohol related jobs ( Gill, 2002 ; Moodie and Hulme, 2003 ; Mentor UK,2007 ) . In the UKs general population sixty four per cent of work forces and fifty four per cent of adult females have reported to devouring intoxicant at least one time a twenty-four hours ( Department of Health,2012 ) . Adults belonging to the age group of 20 five to forty four were reported as holding more people devouring intoxicant ( Department of Health, 2012 ) . The most preferable alcoholic drink among males was beer with 60 eight per cent whilst, adult females preferred vinos, liquors and fortified vinos ( Department of Health, 2012 ) . Normally Governments do put bounds of how much intoxicant is to be consumed by those who are above the legal intoxicant ingestion age ( International Centre for Alcohol Policies, 2003 ) .. These bounds are set after thorough reappraisal of grounds sing the dangers and effects of intoxicant. Different authoritiess have different guidelines for each of their ain citizens ( International Centre for Alcohol Policies, 2003 ) .The UK Government through the Department of Health has set up imbibing guidelines to steer the ingestion of intoxicant. These guidelines set out that work forces should devour 3-4 units of intoxicant a twenty-four hours or at least 21 units of intoxicant per hebdomad, while adult females should devour 2-3 units of intoxicant per twenty-four hours or at least 14 units of intoxicant per hebdomad ( Department of Health, 2012 ) . Those who consume more than the needed day-to-day or hebdomadal bounds are at higher hazard of enduring from hazards associated with intoxicant abuse and maltreatment ; hazards such as enduring from high blood force per unit area, higher opportunities of developing liver cirrhosis, experiencing depressed, hapless sleeping forms and holding episodes of memory loss when devouring intoxicant ( Department of wellness, 2012 ) . Table 2.1: demoing the UK Government Drinking guidelinesDrinking usher linesWork forceadult femalesDrinking within lower hazard guidelines Should non devour more than 3-4 units of intoxicant per twenty-four hours on a regular footing. Should non devour more than 2-3 units of intoxicant a twenty-four hours on a regular footing Drinking above the lower hazard guidelines, seting your wellness at hazard Devouring more than 3-4 units of intoxicant a twenty-four hours on a regular footing. Devouring more than 2-3 units of intoxicant a twenty-four hours on a regular footing. Drinking in a manner that puts one wellness at a higher hazard Devouring more than 50 units of intoxicant per hebdomad or more than 8 units a twenty-four hours on a regular footing Devouring more than 35 units of intoxicant per hebdomad or more than 6 units per twenty-four hours on a regular footing Overconsumption of intoxicant has been classified into three cardinal footings: intoxicant maltreatment, intoxicant abuse and orgy imbibing. The Centre for Disease Control ( 2012 ) defined alcohol maltreatment as â€Å" a form of imbibing that consequence in injury to one ‘s wellness, interpersonal relationships and the ability to work † . The term intoxicant abuse has a assortment of definitions and categorization, some of which are seen in table 2.1. Binge imbibing is a term which has no clear definition although most research workers define it as devouring high measures of intoxicant within a short period of clip ( IAS, 2010 ) . Clark ( 2011 ) defined orgy imbibing as devouring more than four standard drinks in a row for both work forces and adult females. Alcohol maltreatment is defined as a accustomed header response adopted by certain persons so as to get by with nerve-racking events ( Williams and Clark, 1998 ) . The definitions used by most research workers are p resented on table 2.1below: Table 2.2 Definition of cardinal footingsCardinal TERMDefinitionAlcohol maltreatment When devouring alcohol leads to wellness jobs and it affects 1s work and societal life but it is non associated with physical dependence. ( PubMed,2012 ) Alcohol abuse: classified into three Harmful imbibing Hazardous imbibing Dependent imbibing Exceeding the recommended bounds set up by the Department of Health when devouring intoxicant ( DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 2012 ) . Binge imbibing ( risky imbibing ) . Devouring a batch of intoxicant in a really short period of clip or devouring intoxicant to acquire intoxicated ( DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,2012 ) The three intoxicant abuse categorizations are determined by the sums of intoxicant consumed ( Department of Health, 2012 ) . First, harmful ingestion is when a individual consumes alcohol over the recommended day-to-day or hebdomadal intoxicant bounds and experiences wellness related jobs straight from intoxicant. Whereas risky imbibing is the same as orgy imbibing which is the ingestion of a batch of intoxicant within a short period of clip transcending the recommended bounds. Dependent imbibing or alcohol addiction is a chronic disease whose symptoms include strong craving of intoxicant, continued usage of intoxicant despite repeated societal and personal jobs and the inability to restrict oneself to devouring intoxicant therefore suffer from backdown symptoms when they stop devouring intoxicant ( Centre for Disease Control, 2012 ; Department of Health, 2012 ; Drinkaware, 2012 ) . Since intoxicant is a legal trade good and it can be used safely without doing any harmful consequence, this complicates the work for those engaged in forestalling harmful usage of intoxicant. Its equivocal nature and the harmless image portrayed by media further perplexing its control ( Moodie and Hulme, 2004 ) .2.2. Alcohol ingestion in universitiesSurveies show that pupils fall ining universities already have established alcohol devouring wonts ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2012 ) . When in university the pupils find an environment that fuels their intoxicant ingestion beyond the set intoxicant bounds ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2012 ) . In the UK bulk of the immature people sampled aged between 16 and 24 consume intoxicant good over the recommended hebdomadal intoxicant bounds ( Newbury-Birch, et Al, 2009 ) . The intoxicant ingestion forms of UK universities are less documented as compared to forms observed in university pupils in North America particularly the United States of America ( Gill, 2002 ) . In a survey conducted by Lorente et Al ( 2003 ) where a sample of university pupils in the United States of America were asked about their intoxicant ingestion and behavior. It was found that eighty per cent of pupils who attend university consume intoxicant and most of the pupils are considered binge drinkers. However grounds from assorted researches suggests that university pupils tend to devour more intoxicant than their equals who do non go to university ( Craigs et al, 2012 ) . Most of the pupils are deemed to be heavy consumers of intoxicant as they tend to devour big measures of intoxicant within a short period of clip or orgy drink ( Bewick et al, 2008 ) . Gill ( 2002 ) observed that the degree of orgy imbibing among undergraduate pupils may transcend the degrees of orgy imbibing within the general population. This is chiefly due to handiness of inexpensive intoxicant and inexpensive bars that surround the university ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) . There are assorted factors impacting the intoxicant ingestion of pupils while in university. They include: the unstructured clip, inconsistent enforcements of minor imbibing Torahs and for the first old ages the first hebdomad of university is a really vulnerable clip for them since the â€Å" freshman ‘s hebdomad † is associated with heavy ingestion of intoxicant and other related activities ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,2012 ) . In finding the grounds why university pupils consume intoxicant, it has been found that most university pupils consume intoxicant because of equal force per unit area, freedom of populating off from place and the handiness of inexpensive bars around the university and campus ( Department of Health, 2012 ) . Some pupils consume intoxicant as a manner of socializing with other pupils, others because intoxicant makes them â€Å" experience good † or heighten their experiences while in university ( Alcohol research UK, 2010 ) . Furthermore some pupils are said to devour intoxicant as a manner of get awaying their jobs or get away imbibing so as to get by with assorted societal emphasiss and emotions ( Wicki et al, 2010 ) .Dantzer et Al ( 2006 ) found that pupils from affluent backgrounds tend to devour more intoxicant than pupil from low economic background due to the handiness of fundss to fund their ingestion of intoxicant. Peer influence or equal norms has been found to be really strong among university pupils therefore act uponing personal behavior particularly sing intoxicant ingestion ( Perkins, 2002 ) . In most instances pupils have misperceived equal norms when detecting their fellow pupils devouring intoxicant and presuming it is the feature of the person. In add-on, the behavior of an person or a group of people under the influence of intoxicant is rather interesting to fellow pupils as they tend to discourse the perceived merriment they had instead than listen to the narratives of their equals who stayed sober during the intoxicant ingestion session ( Berkowitz, 2005 ) . It has been argued by Perkins ( 2003 ) that cultural media plays a important function in the misperception of intoxicant ingestion as films and music pictures tend to glamorize the ingestion of intoxicant and substance maltreatment and doing it look acceptable to the young person. University pupils ‘ intoxicant ingestion is besides affected by positive anticipations ( LaBrie et al, 2011 ) . Normally the anticipations act a go-between taking to pupils devouring intoxicant boulder clay they feel the coveted consequence. The positive anticipations are associated with higher intoxicant ingestion being observed in pupils and intoxicant related jobs ( LaBrie et al, 2011 ) . Clark ( 2011 ) showed that different personality traits have an consequence on how much intoxicant pupils consume. Some of these traits are predicted to take to gorge imbibing. She besides noted that the positive anticipations play a cardinal function on how alcohol university pupils consume. Faulkner et Al ( 2006 ) noted that university pupils populating on campus consumed perilously high sums of intoxicant. This may be attributed to societal installations available within the university and environing countries. However there is small research on ingestion of pupils who stay in off campus adjustments or who stay at place. It has been noted that as the pupils ‘ advancement through university the degree of alcohol ingestion among them reduces. Furthermore, pupils who consumed intoxicant within the recommended hebdomadal bound while in their first twelvemonth of university were likely to go on with the tendency until their concluding twelvemonth ( Bewick et al, 2008 ) . There is, nevertheless, a great difference in the intoxicant ingestion of different modules within the university, with pupils analyzing biological scientific disciplines holding the highest per centum of pupils who consume and abuse intoxicant, while the technology module has the lowest degree of intoxicant ingestion and substance maltreatment ( Webb et al, 1997 ) . The heavy intoxicant ingestion and abuse in universities within the UK is a major public wellness concern because of the negative societal effects and the hereafter effects it will hold on the wellness of those who overindulge ( Faulkner et al, 2006 ) . In the last figure of old ages alcohol ingestion has increased among university pupils, particularly among the female pupil population whose intoxicant ingestion is about at the same degree as their male opposite numbers ( Gill, 2002 ) . In a recent survey the female pupils were reported as holding the highest rate of heavy intoxicant ingestion as compared to the male pupils with most of them acknowledging to transcending the hebdomadal intoxicant bound ( Dantzer et al, 2006 ) . Binge imbibing in universities is now considered a norm as pupils consider this sort of intoxicant ingestion acceptable ( Mentor UK, 2007 ; ) .2.2.1. Effectss of intoxicant maltreatment on university pupilsThere is a turning organic structure of research sing the intoxicant ingestion and university pupils particularly in North America and the effects it has on the university and the pupils ‘ personal and academic lives ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2012 ) . In the USA about 2000 pupils die each twelvemonth from intoxicant related hurts including traffic accidents caused bibulous drive ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2012 ) . The heavy imbibing and orgy imbibing do hold some negative effects a pupil ‘s societal and academic life. Most pupils experience negative behavioral effects associated with inordinate ingestion of intoxicant these include ; blackouts, acquiring involved in battles, engagement in illegal activity, drunken drive and engaging in hazardous sexual behavior ( Faulkner et al, 2006 ) . There is small grounds associating intoxicant imbibing with hapless academic public presentation although in some instances pupils do acknowledge their academic work suffers due to the negative effects of intoxicant maltreatment ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) . Students who are non heavy drinkers of intoxicant or those who abstain from imbibing alcohol wholly may endure from the same negative effects, known as secondary effects as those mistreating intoxicant. ( Langley et al, 2003 ) . These secondary effects of intoxicant abuse consist belongings harm, slumber or survey break due to inordinate noise made by bibulous pupils, female pupils experience unwanted sexual progresss and taking attention of a intoxicated pupil ( Higher Education Centre, 2012 ) . These second-hand effects are usually highlighted by the media and this usually affects the sentiments related to alcohol policies ( Langley et al, 2003 ) . The communities neighboring universities besides suffer from the negative effects particularly inordinate noise by the pupils as they head back to the university after a dark of heavy intoxicant ingestion and in some instances damage to private belongings as at times by boisterous pupils ( Faulkner et al, 2006 ) . Although the university pupils tend to mistreat intoxicant, they besides have come up with schemes or protective behaviors to protect themselves from the effects of intoxicant maltreatment ( Cavanaugh, 2010 ) . These schemes involves pull offing the imbibing environment, guaranting one drinks intoxicant with friends, holding a good repast before devouring intoxicant and imbibing in bars. However, female pupils tend to follow the schemes more than their male opposite numbers. Conversely Marten et Al ( 2004 ) argues that there is small grounds to demo whether these schemes help the pupils cut down their intoxicant consumption. Some pupils do comprehend that heavy intoxicant ingestion has some positive effects despite the dangers associated with it. The positive consequence most pupils experience is the assurance to speak to the opposite sex and it enhances the degrees of merriment one has during a imbibing session. These positive anticipations on intoxicant aid lend to more intoxicants maltreatment by the pupils ( Williams, 1998 ) .2.3. University intoxicant runsFor many immature people traveling to the university is an of import portion of life that has personal, societal and academic challenges ( Snow et al, 2003 ) . The universities in general are responsible for advancing wellness and wellbeing among its pupil and staff population, since it is both a topographic point of higher acquisition and a workplace ( Dooris, 2010 ) . In 2010 the WHO endorsed a declaration that would undertake and cut down the injury of harmful intoxicant ingestion. The cardinal countries they focused on were leading, consciousness and committedness to decrease schemes ( WHO, 2011 ) . There is some grounds demoing that community-university partnerships can be effectual in cut downing the effects of intoxicant maltreatment. With the engagement of everyone associated with the university from its decision makers, local jurisprudence enforcement bureaus, occupants and local leaders turn toing and implementing community policies. Some of these schemes include: advertising and enforcing underage imbibing Torahs, increasing monetary values of intoxicant and extinguishing low cost drink particular in bars environing campuses ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2012 ) . Binge imbibing among university pupils is a major public wellness issue with the UK Government including universities in its intoxicant scheme. The authorities is pressing universities to move on the inordinate intoxicant ingestion and besides to make environments that do non advance intoxicant inordinate intoxicant ingestion ( HM Government, 2012 ) . Alcohol runs have been carried out universities in concurrence with their relevant pupil brotherhoods, small is known about their effectivity ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) .2.3.1. Health publicity attacks of University led intoxicant runMost of the intoxicant run schemes in universities are frequently targeted to alter the pupils ‘ inaccurate perceptual experiences on intoxicant and the ensuing behavior ( Perkins, 2006 ) . Some of the runs are based on the educational attack of wellness publicity whereby the universities do supply information and cognition sing intoxicant maltreatment. The purpose of this attack is to enable pupils to do in formed voluntary pick so as to alter their behavior whenever they decide to devour intoxicant. This has been done through proviso of cusps, ocular shows and one to one advice ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ) . An illustration of this type of run was the responsible imbibing run in 2005 tally by the National Union of Students ( NUS ) and Diageo the intoxicant bring forthing company. The run ‘s purpose was to inform the pupils about intoxicant, its safe ingestion and to promote contemplations on their intoxicant ingestion ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) . This attack seems to be popular because it has been shown to be effectual in cut downing hazardous behavior like smoking surcease and weight spectators. The fact that the targeted client can make up one's mind what hazardous behavior they can discourse with the wellness facilitator and it leads to development of accomplishments every bit good as increasing cognition sing the hazardous wellness behaviors. Evaluation of runs utilizing this attack is comparatively easy as it measures addition in cognition and valid questionnaires are used as a method of informations aggregation ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ) . However this attack has some restrictions which may impede its consequence on the pupil population. This attack does non admit that other factors play an of import function in voluntary behavioral alteration. The wellness facilitator running the run may non hold the required the ability and cognition of how to cover with giving information to client therefore cut downing its effectivi ty. Finally since the attack is used in a group scene, the group kineticss or behaviors may non promote treatment of the subject like intoxicant maltreatment ( Naidoo and volitions, 2009 ) . Some university led runs are based on the behavioral alteration attack. The purpose of these runs is to do the pupils change their intoxicant behavior by pressing them to abstain from taking intoxicant, follow a healthy life style and work out a batch ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ) . The attack uses aggregate media runs to aim single, wellness functionaries besides pass the information to their clients through usage of reding services. What makes this attack popular is that it views wellness as an person ‘s belongings and it allows people to better their wellness by taking to alter their life styles ( Naidoo and volitions, 2009 ) . The figure below shows the theoretical account used to implement this attack. hypertext transfer protocol: //ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1751722210000181-gr1.jpg Figure 2.2: Diagram Showing the Health publicity theoretical account by Beattie ( 1991 ) Adopted from Naidoo and volitions ( 2009 ) The job with this attack it assumes that there is additive relationship between 1s behaviors and wellness. It does non take into the consideration why the pupils being targeted abuse intoxicant. This attack is usually associated with victim blaming as it tends to demo that hapless wellness is a effect of bad picks. The rating of this type of intercession takes long and the alteration in behavior can non be attributed to the run but other factors may hold played a function ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ) . Recently there are some intoxicant intercession programmes being developed and distributed through the cyberspace. These intercessions target those pupils who have n't sought aid from the traditional manners of support or intervention and besides this scheme may help early self-identification of intoxicant jobs via the cyberspace ( Bewick et al, 2010 ) . This may be effectual since most pupils in universities particularly within the UK have entree to the cyberspace. With the intercession being anon. and the pupils can entree it at the clip of their convenience this intercession may turn out to be popular ( Bewick et al, 2010 ) . More research is still being carried out associating to this intercession. Since a university is both a topographic point of work and an institute of acquisition, it offers a alone scene for bringing of specific undertakings focused on precedence issues like intoxicant runs and other wellness publicity programmes ( Dooris, 2006 ) . It is for this ground in the recent yesteryear there has been a focal point on set uping a whole university attack while advancing wellness and wellbeing within the university ( Dooris, 2012 ) . This holistic attack displacements focus from individual subject wellness publicity plans to a whole system attack where both pupils and staff benefit from these schemes ( Healthy Universities, 2012 ) . With the whole system approach the university can incorporate the intoxicant run and run it aboard other runs that reference wellness and wellbeing such as athleticss, healthy feeding, and pupil experience ( Dooris, 2012 ) . The major benefit of this attack is that it uses grounds based pattern to place the demands of both the staff and pu pils ( Health Universities, 2012 ) . Although the whole university attack benefits the university, measuring its impact is complex, since there are many activities that are being run and coordinated at the same clip. Another challenge is its execution since it involves the full organisation ; policies must be written and adopted by the university ‘s disposal. To to the full implement the attack fundss must be made available to engage the forces required to run the wellness and well-being programmes ( Dooris, 2009 ; Healthy universities, 2012 ) . The deficiency of grounds based research within universities besides hinders its puting up and execution ( Dooris, 2001 ) . With most of the intoxicant runs being expert led they do non take into consideration the factors impacting the wellness related behavior of pupils who consume and abuse intoxicant. Such runs chiefly focus on deficiency of control, solitariness, self-esteem issues and personality type ( Suraj and Singh, 2011 ) . Whereas, the salutogenic construct of wellness tends to concentrate more on the factors act uponing 1s behaviour alternatively of concentrating on the causative agents ( Eriksson and Lindstorm, 2008 ) . The construct is based on the theory by Antonovsky that each individual has the ability determined by a sense of coherency that helps the person to get by with emphasis and has a positive influence on wellness related behavior ( Antonovsky, 1996 ; Binkowska-Bury et Al, 2010 ) . The salutogenic construct can be applied to wellness instruction whereby the wellness of an person is viewed as human right. Health publicity professionals are tasked with supplying options and enabling people make sound pick depending on the assorted determiners of wellness ( Eriksson and Lindstorm, 2008 ) . Furthermore, this construct can be used to better wellbeing of persons since it targets the beginning of the job that leads to hapless wellness while taking into consideration the environment and chances that are available to the persons ( Eriksson and Lindstorm, 2008 ) . The sense of coherency theory was chiefly studied in grownups. Recently there are surveies concentrating on immature people and kids. Some of the surveies show that university female pupils do hold a higher sense of coherency than their male opposite numbers. This is because the female pupils care more about their wellness related behaviors than the male opposite numbers ( Suraj and Singh, 2011 ) . Research is still being carried out to happen out what truly influences the healthy behavior of university pupils and what effects the sense of coherency has on them ( Binkowska-Bury et Al, 2010 ) .2.3.2 Social norm intercessionsSince the pupils behaviors and life styles are affected by assorted factors and beliefs for illustration deficiency of information, economic backgrounds and spiritual beliefs. A different attack was needed in order to undertake the rise in intoxicant maltreatment among university pupils. The new attack was to tackle pupils ‘ misperceptions and beliefs about i ntoxicant by aiming a big population in order to alter an person ‘s behavior and therefore heightening protective behaviors ( Perkins, 2003 ) . The bar attack can be applied in three ways universal, selective or indicated. Universal bar attack targets the full university pupil population without acquiring to cognize who is at hazard. Selective bar attack is targeted at those pupils who have been identified to be at hazard of intoxicant maltreatment and its effects. The indicated bar attack is targeted at persons who have been identified as enduring from intoxicant related jobs ( Moreira et al, 2009 ) . The societal norm attack besides seeks to build up the pupils with the accomplishments and accurate information to do informed determination whenever they consume intoxicant ; hence the acceptance of the societal norm theory in university led intoxicant runs ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ; John, 2010 ) . Berkowitz ( 2005 ) noted that the societal norm attack aims to turn to the undermentioned misperceptions: Pluralistic ignorance encourages persons to conform to behaviours considered normal for illustration pupils who consume moderate sums of intoxicant assume that other pupils consume more than they do. Hence they do devour more intoxicants based on this premise. False consensus most pupils tend to overrate the intoxicant ingestion of their equals and co-workers to warrant their ain heavy intoxicant ingestion. False singularity when persons assume there is a great difference between them and the others. Those pupils who are heavy intoxicant drinkers tend to believe their ain misperceived behaviors make them alone from those who are moderate intoxicant drinkers or those who abstain The societal norm intercession is going really popular particularly in US universities and colleges where extended research has been done ( Moreira et al, 2009 ) . The positive attack and the absence of a contentious tone in societal norms intercession entreaties to the pupils population and there is less opposition to this attack unlike the top down attack of policies implemented by the university disposal ( Wechsler et al, 2003 ) . Even though the theory is deriving popularity, there are some concerns sing the attack. Some of these concerns arise from its execution particularly the unequal message exposure and some runs do non adhere to the theoretical account. Another major concern is the deficiency of equal rating of the runs and whether the attack should be targeted at homogeneous groups instead than big communities. Besides the deficiency of acquaintance with the theory and related research poses a challenge to those who advocate for it ( Berkowitz, 2004 ) . The most common att acks used in societal norms intercessions are: Social selling attacks Personalised normative feedback intercessions.2.3.2.1. Social selling attacksThis attack relies on the usage of mass media to aim big populations like usage of postings, picture and wireless advertizements informing the pupils about the existent behavior of their co-workers and this aid to alter their single misperceptions on intoxicant ( John, 2010 ; Wechsler et Al, 2003 ) . This attack aims to bring on a behavioral alteration associating to the persons alcohol ingestion ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) . The non-confrontational tone in these run reassures both pupils and university decision makers therefore brushs less opposition as compared to policies and actions designed to cut down intoxicant ingestion ( Wechsler et al, 2003 ) . The runs utilizing this attack usually downplay degree of imbibing on campus and do non concentrate a batch on the negative effects of heavy intoxicant ingestion. The intoxicant industry has besides adopted this attack ( Wechsler, 2003 ) . The disadvantages with this attack are that it is expensive, it feels impersonal and measuring its result is really hard ( John, 2010 ) . There is small grounds in research to demo that this scheme really consequences in decrease in intoxicant ingestion ( Berkowitz, 2004 ; Wechsler et Al, 2003 ) .2.3.2.2. Personalised normative feedback intercessionsThis intercession involves the proviso of the existent pupil intoxicant ingestion norms, single misperceptions and personal intoxicant ingestion forms. The information is delivered via electronic mail, web-based or pen paper. Normally this attack is delivered to a mark population for illustration pupils who have been identified as heavy intoxicant consumers ; it can besides be targeted to the full university population ( John, 2010 ) . Bewick et Al ( 2008 ) showed that the normative feedback intercessions had an consequence on cut downing per juncture intoxicant ingestion among UK university pupils. However, there is grounds from literature demoing that retroflexing the intercession from one establishment to another 1 does non hold the same consequences ( Bewick et al, 2010 ) . There is small information on the misperception of societal norms of university pupils within the UK ( Mentor UK, 2007 ) .2.4. Purposes and decisionUniversity life is a transitional period for most pupils as it offers the opportunity to get healthy life styles wonts and other accomplishments required in the hereafter ( Stewart-Brown et Al, 2000 ) . Most university surveies done particularly sing alcohol behavior is most frequently targeted at the undergraduate pupils. While the graduate student intoxicant ingestion and behavior are seldom studied, showing a spread that needs to be researched on ( Jamison et al, 2008 ) . The measurement of pupils life styles and other related wellness behavior is rather hard as the pupils are ever on the move, most have impermanent references and they have many distractions ( Stewart- Brown et Al, 2000 ) . Never the less a batch of research demands to be done in universities within the UK to happen out the intoxicant behavior and if the intoxicant runs initiated by the universities are effectual. The purpose of this undertaking is to happen out the intoxicant ingestion and behavior of postgraduate pupils go toing Brunel University. The other purpose is to happen out if they have heard about the intoxicant run carried out by the university and if the run has had an consequence on their intoxicant ingestion.Chapter 3Research MethodologyThe purpose of this survey is twofold ; foremost it is to look into to look into whether the graduate student pupils at Brunel University pupils are cognizant of the intoxicant run run by the university and whether they find the run utile. Furthermore, the survey aims to happen out the intoxicant ingestion of postgraduate pupils at the university. Based on the research inquiry outlined below this survey will take on a quantitative research attack. Since the survey is traveling to look at sentiments and ingestion of intoxicant quantitative methods were used to roll up the needed informations ( Aveyard, 2010: Saint matthews and Ross, 2010 ) . The research inquiry is: What is the impact of the intoxicant run on the intoxicant ingestion of graduate student pupils? Quantitative research is used when there is preexistent cognition, which allows for the usage of standardised informations aggregation methods like studies.Surveys are usually used to document prevalence of a specific issue within a population of involvement, they are besides really of import as they can be designed to mensurate certain phenomena like attitudes and behavior in a population ( Bowling, 2009 ) . Surveies are usually guided by two aims. First is to gauge the parametric quantities like attitudes in a population of involvement by utilizing statistics calculated from informations collected. Second is to prove a statistical hypothesis of a population ( Bowling, 2009 ) . This survey employed the usage of a study and specifically a cross-sectional or descriptive study since the information was to be collected at one point in clip mensurating the intoxicant ingestion and consciousness of the intoxicant run run by the university at the micro degree of postgraduate pupils. The cross sectional surveies usually provide a snapshot of the properties of a given population ( Aveyard, 2010 ) Cross-sectional studies involve oppugning the participants or respondents on past and current behavior, attitudes and events. They employ the usage of standardised informations aggregation methods which are economical in footings of clip and resources. The cross-sectional studies can besides aim big populations which can be surveyed rapidly besides the standardized information I collected can be easy coded therefore doing it easy to analyze ( Bowling, 2009 ) .3.1. Data aggregation toolIn a transverse sectional or descriptive study one of the tools used to roll up informations is the questionnaire. Although this is the most common it is non the lone means of informations aggregation ( Matthews and Ross, 2010 ) . There are two type of questionnaires structured and semi-structured. Structured questionnaires use fixed standardized inquiries with pre-coded responses which respondents can take from ( Punch, 2003 ) whilst, semi- structured questionnaires contain both fixed inquiries and unf astened inquiries leting respondents to reply inquiries in their ain manner ( Matthews and Ross, 2010 ) . The major advantage of utilizing structured questionnaires is the ability to obtain unambiguous and easy collectable informations since the inquiries are standardised and pre coded, leting for greater easiness in informations analysis and presentation of informations ( Bowling, 2009 ) . A major defect with the structured questionnaires is that they rely on the general cognition of the population of involvement particularly in relation to informations collected sing attitudes, behaviors and societal procedures. Furthermore, the pre-coded replies may non to the full represent the positions of the respondent and at times they are forced to reply the inquiries unsuitably ( Bowling, 2009 ) . Questionnaires are completed either through self -administration or face-to-face interviews. Self-administered questionnaires may be distributed through web-based methods or through the usage of postal services. Since these distribution methods can cover a big geographical location rapidly and can be more economical as compared to interviews. Self-administered questionnaires tend to understate societal desirableness and interviewer prejudice hence it is most preferable during a transverse sectional study. They are besides the most utile when roll uping sensitive informations since can be answered anonymously ( Matthews and Ross, 2010 ) . The questionnaire in this survey was designed utilizing the online package â€Å" Survey Monkey † . The package allows for both online and hardcopy versions to be designed at the same clip ( Survey Monkey, 2012 ) . The questionnaire had both closed and unfastened ended inquiries so as to roll up positions of the participants. The questionnaire was distributed during the month of August one time ethical blessing was given. It was distributed online and as a pen and paper questionnaire. The on-line study nexus was posted on Brunel University functionary pages and the hardcopy was distributed in the library and along the multitude within the campus. The questionnaire was to be completed anonymously by the pupils ; this was to heighten the response rate. The pupils were free to worsen to reply the questionnaire. For those who did they were handed a participant information sheet which gave them the name and ground of the survey.3.2. Sampling and ParticipantsIn order to make a study a population of involvement demands to place and a sample drawn from it ( Bowling, 2009 ) .The sample selected should be a representation of the population of involvement based on the gender, age and socio-economic group ( Matthews and Ross, 2010 ) . In this survey simple random sampling was used to ask for participants to reply the questionnaire as this was a suited manner to acquire the most representative sample. For case most surveies done in the UK usage purposive sampling to roll up their informations, this possible when the university is in session and most pupils are go toing categories ( Webb, 1997, Bewick, 2008 ) . Since the undertaking was being carried during the summer holidays random sampling was the preferable method. The targeted population of involvement were the postgraduate pupils go toing Brunel University with both male and female graduate student pupils were included in the study. Undergraduate pupils, staff and visitants were excluded from this survey. This is because the survey was non aiming their intoxicant ingestion and behavior. Besides excluded were sing pupils. The participants were invited at random to take part in the study through an invitation station in Brunel University pages on Facebook and some of them were approached in the library and given the difficult transcript questionnaire to finish. The survey aims to ask for a sum of 200 postgraduate pupils to take part in the study. However a sampling mistake shall be considered during the analysis. Since the sample size is little, the consequences can non be extrapolated to the full graduate student pupil population in analyzing in Brunel University.3.3. Pilot StudyDue to clip restraints a pilot survey was non conducted before the oncoming of the undertaking.3.4. Datas AnalysisThe structured information from the questionnaire was collected, sorted, cleaned and coded in readying for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the information and explicate the consequences of informations collected ( Black, 1999 ) . The information collected was categorical hence the Chi- square trial was used to compare the agencies of the variables to demo if there is a important difference between intoxicant ingestion between male and female pupils ( Kerr, 2002 ) . The statistical plan SPSS for Windows version18.02 was used to analy ze the information. The mean units of intoxicant consumed per hebdomad were calculated utilizing the expression provided by the Department of Health ( Department of Health, 2012 ) . The units of intoxicant are measured utilizing the intoxicant by volume ( ABV ) which is a standard step of a drinks alcoholic content. The intoxicant by volume is a step of the pure intoxicant content by per centum of the entire volume of liquid in a drink. The intoxicant by volume is usually written on the labels of tins, beer/wine/spirit bottles ( Department of Health, 2012 ) . Different alcoholic drinks have different intoxicant contents The expression is: Strength of alcoholic drink ( ABV ) Volume in milliliters ( milliliter ) 1,000 = units Example: a pint of beer which step about 568 milliliter has an intoxicant content of 5.2 % therefore to cipher its units: 5.2 % 568 ( milliliter ) 1,000=2.95 units Table 2.1 Table demoing units of intoxicant in an alcoholic drink Alcoholic drink Volume ( milliliter ) Alcohol content ( % ) Unit of measurements vino 175 12 % 2.1 Beer/cider 568 5.2 % 3 liquors 25 ( I shot ) 40 % 13.5. Restrictions of the surveyThe deficiency of making a pilot survey had an consequence on the consequences of the survey. The survey focused chiefly on the ingestion of intoxicant by the graduate student pupils and did non look into the effects intoxicant maltreatment had on their societal and academic lives. Another restriction is that the research did non compare the ingestion between postgraduate pupils who stay on and off campus and besides between the undergraduate pupils. The survey did non measure the consequence of the intoxicant run. The survey was limited to a individual campus university therefore making a convenient sample that may hold non been really diverse and may hold affected the information collected. The closed inquiries in the questionnaire merely let the participants answer inquiries in a certain manner. Measuring honestness is rather a challenge in surveies utilizing questionnaires. Since this survey is looking into the intoxicant ingestion of the pupils, there is a opportunity that most replies sing intoxicant ingestion will be under quoted therefore impacting the analysis of the informations collected. The survey did non hold focal point groups which would hold shed more visible radiation on the grounds pupil consume intoxicant and their hebdomadal intoxicant ingestion.3.6. Ethical ConsiderationsEthical motives was applied for and approved in 27 July 2012 by the moralss board of The School of Health and Social scientific disciplines, Brunel University. The information collected was protected harmonizing the UK Data act.Chapter 4Consequences and Data AnalysisThe questionnaire respondents totalled 110 all of whom were postgraduate pupils analyzing at Brunel University. Three respondents did non finish the questionnaire and this was entered as losing informations during analysis. Therefore analysis was carried out on 107 completed questionnaires which represent 50 three per cent of those who answered the questionnaire.4.1. Descriptive statisticsTable 4.1 shows the entire figure of postgraduate female pupils who took portion was 40 six stand foring 40 three per cent of the entire respo ndents with a standard divergence of 0.532 and a mean of 1.37. The entire figure of male respondents was 60 seven stand foring 50 seven per cent of the entire figure of respondent with a standard divergence of 0.615 and a average age of 1.70. Table 4. ; Table screening, no of participants, mean and standard divergence Gender Mean Nitrogen Std. Deviation Female 1.37 46 .532 Male 1.70 61 .615 Entire 1.56 107 .602 The age bracket of 20 to twenty four had the most respondents with a sum of 50 three. The female pupils who fell in this age bracket totalled 30 and the male pupils were 20 three. The age bracket of 20 five to thirty had a sum of 40 eight respondents, 30 three being male and 15 being female. The age bracket of 30 one to forty had the least respondents with a sum of six with one being the entire figure of female pupils and five being male. This is shown in the tabular array below. Table 4.2 Table demoing the distribution of ages Age scope Gender Entire Female Male 20-24 30 23 53 25-30 15 33 48 31-40 1 5 6 Entire 46 61 1074.2. Alcohol ingestionThe respondents who consume intoxicant totalled 90 one. Forty one were female and 50 were male. Those who do non devour intoxicant totalled 16 with 5 being female and 11 being male. Table 4.3: Table demoing the postgraduate pupils who consume intoxicant Those who consume intoxicant Gender Entire losing Female Male 3 0 0 3 Yes 0 41 50 91 No 0 5 11 16 Entire 3 46 61 110 Table 4.4 table demoing chi square trial on intoxicant ingestion between gendersChi-Square TrialsValue df Asymp. Sig. ( 2-sided ) Pearson Chi-Square 111.088a 4 .000 Likelihood Ratio 28.616 4 .000 N of Valid Cases 110 Table 4.5 Table demoing ingestion of intoxicant between the different age groups Devouring intoxicant Age scope Entire 20-24 25-30 31-40 Yes 48 41 2 91 No 5 7 4 16 Entire 53 48 6 107 Table 4.5 above shows the 20 to twenty four age scopes had the highest figure of respondents who consumed intoxicant while the age scope of 30 one to forty had the least respondents who consumed intoxicant. Although there is a little difference in intoxicant ingestion between the age groups of 20 to twenty four and 25 -304.2.1. Favourite Alcoholic imbibeThe favorite alcoholic drink for male pupils was beer and spirits both holding a sum of 30 one male pupils devouring them. Beer was the least favorite alcoholic drink for female pupils. Wine was popular among female pupils. Cider and liquors were tied 2nd topographic point as the favorite alcoholic drink for female pupils. Male least favorite alcoholic drink was cyder, Table 4.6: table demoing favorite alcoholic ingestion between genders Gender Cider Beer Wine Liquors Female 13 11 24 14 Male 3 31 9 314.3. Weekly Alcohol ConsumptionMost of the respondents consume intoxicant one time a hebdomad. There were two male respondents who consume alcohol every twenty-four hours of the hebdomad. More male than female pupils consumed intoxicant twice a hebdomad. The p-value 0.126 shows there is small difference in intoxicant ingestion per hebdomad between male and female pupils. Table 4.7: Table demoing intoxicant consumed figure of yearss in a hebdomad Alcohol consumed figure of yearss in a hebdomad Gender Entire Female Male 1 19 15 34 2 4 13 17 3 6 9 15 4 5 3 8 5 4 2 6 7 0 2 2 Entire 38 44 82 Table 4.8 Table demoing chi square trials of intoxicant consumed per hebdomad between genders.Chi-Square TrialsValue df Asymp. Sig. ( 2-sided ) Pearson Chi-Square 8.609a 5 .126 Likelihood Ratio 9.611 5 .087 N of Valid Cases 824.3.1. Pints and Unit of measurements of Alcohol consumed per hebdomadFemale pupils on norm consumed an norm of 3.07 pints of beer/cider a hebdomad while the male pupils consumed 4.95 pints per hebdomad. Female pupils drunk an norm of 2.88 spectacless of vino per hebdomad while the male pupils drunk an norm of 1.39 spectacless per hebdomad. . Male pupils consume an norm of 5.42 shootings of liquors per hebdomad. Table 4.9: Table demoing the average intoxicant ingestion per hebdomad Gender Beer/cider ( no. pints per hebdomad ) Wine ( no. of spectacless per hebdomad ) Liquors ( no. of shootings per hebdomad ) Female Mean 3.07 2.88 1.65 Nitrogen 28 32 20 Std. Deviation 2.478 3.024 2.084 Male Mean 4.95 1.39 5.42 Nitrogen 37 18 36 Std. Deviation 2.962 1.501 9.938 Entire Mean 4.14 2.34 4.07 Nitrogen 65 50 56 Std. Deviation 2.899 2.662 8.226 All the age groups on mean consume around four pints of beer per hebdomad. Those elderly 20 to twenty four consume 2.63 spectacless of vino per hebdomad. Those elderly twenty five to thirty consume 4.50 shootings of liquors per hebdomad. Those aged thirty one to forty devour the least sum of vino and liquors. Table 4.10 below shows that the mean ingestion of beer per hebdomad was four pints between all the ages, while vino was the least consumed alcoholic drink in a hebdomadal footing Table 4.10: Table demoing intoxicant consumed per hebdomad between age brackets Age scope Beer/cider ( no. pints per hebdomad ) Wine ( no. of spectacless per hebdomad ) Liquors ( no. of shootings per hebdomad ) 20-24 Mean 4.03 2.63 3.83 Nitrogen 36 30 29 Std. Deviation 2.751 2.953 5.471 25-30 Mean 4.30 1.95 4.50 Nitrogen 27 19 26 Std. Deviation 3.184 2.198 10.697 31-40 Mean 4.00 1.00 .00 Nitrogen 2 1 1 Std. Deviation 2.828..Entire Mean 4.14 2.34 4.07 Nitrogen 65 50 56 Std. Deviation 2.899 2.662 8.226The intoxicant units consumed per hebdomad were calculated utilizing the expression provided by the Department of Health the consequences are shown in the graphs below.Figure 4.1: Graph demoing alcohol units consumed per hebdomad between the genders Figure 1 above show male pupils consume more alcohol units per hebdomad when they consume beer/cider with an norm of 14.6 units per hebdomad. They besides consume more alcohol units per hebdomad when devouring liquors. Female pupils consume more wine. Figure 2 below shows that those aged twenty five to thirty devour more alcohol units per hebdomad when devouring both beer/cider and liquors. Figure 4.2: Graph demoing alcohol units consumed per hebdomad among the age groups4.4. Students cognizant of the intoxicant runA sum of 19 which represents 19 per cent of the postgraduate pupils who responded to the study admitted to hold heard about the intoxicant run being run by the pupil brotherhood. Twelve were female and seven were male. Eighty per cent or 80 pupils of those who took the study were non cognizant of the run run by the pupil brotherhood. Table 4.11: Table demoing consciousness of the pupils towards the intoxicant run. Have you heard about the Alcohol Awareness Campaign run by the pupil brotherhood? Gender Entire Female Male 3 5 11 Yes 12 7 19 No 31 49 80 Entire 46 61 110 Table 4.12: table demoing chi square trial of the consciousness of the pupils sing the intoxicant runChi-Square TrialsValue df Asymp. Sig. ( 2-sided ) Pearson Chi-Square 3.838a 2 .147 Likelihood Ratio 3.812 2 .149 N of Valid Cases 107 a. 2 cells ( 33.3 % ) have expected count less than 5. The lower limit expected count is 3.44. Those cognizant of the run said that they heard about the run during the pupil orientation hebdomad, through the Brunel University Student brotherhood web site, posting posted around the university and through the medical Centre.4.4.1 Rating the runForty one pupils rated the run as being good while an equal figure rated it as being hapless. Twelve pupils did non rate the runRating of the intoxicant runevaluation the run Gender Entire Female Male Excellent 1 2 3 Very Good 1 1 2 Good 16 25 41 Poor 21 20 41 Very Poor 4 7 11 Entire 43 55 98 Table 4.13: Table demoing how pupils rated the run4.4.2. Increased Knowledge on effects of overconsumption of intoxicantForty five pupils who took the study said they do n't cognize if the run increased their cognition on the effects of over ingestion of intoxicant. While 40 one pupils said the intoxicant run did non increase their cognition on the effects of overconsumption of intoxicant. Merely 13 pupils said the intoxicant run increased their cognition on the effects of overconsumption of intoxicant. Eleven pupils did non reply the inquiry. Table 4.14: Table screening increased cognition of effects of overconsumption of intoxicant increased cognition of the effects of over ingestion of intoxicant Gender Entire Female Male Missing informations 3 3 5 11 Yes 0 5 8 13 No 0 18 23 41 Do n't Know 0 20 25 45 Entire 3 46 61 1104.4.3 Effectss of the run on intoxicant ingestionMerely two pupils said the intoxicant run made them cut down their intoxicant ingestion. Forty eight pupils said the run did non hold an consequence on their intoxicant ingestion, while 40 five pupils said they do n't cognize whether intoxicant run helped them cut down their intoxicant ingestion or non. Ten respondents did non reply the inquiry. Table 4.15: Table demoing the effects of the intoxicant run on intoxicant ingestion Did the run consequence in decrease of intoxicant ingestion Gender Entire Female Male 2 3 5 10 Yes 0 0 2 2 No 1 21 26 48 Possibly 0 3 2 5 Do n't Know 0 19 26 45 Entire 3 46 61 110 Table 4.16: Table demoing chi square trial on the effects of the intoxicant run.

The Ideologies Of Islam And Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ideologies Of Islam And Christianity - Essay Example Islamic law tends to be formed through careful observation and education that Islamic jurists receive through issuing fatwas through sharia. Islam claims Sharia law to be successful because of its revelation from God.Therefore, the ideal nation which embraces Islamic law will ultimately be perfect.The sharia is characterized as a discussion on the duties of Muslims.Sharia, translated as "the way" in Arabic, refers to the body of legislation that regulates a Muslim's lifestyle. These laws derive from interpretations of the Qur’an, the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, and his actions. Islam, therefore, parallels the judgments of God with those of His final messenger because the medium through which both travels is a man who God has trained to embody perfection. A prophet or a messenger is a testament to sharia since he claims the word of God that is seen through his wisdom and knowledge.Christianity works in the same venture as Islam in many elements. The Bible gives divine auth ority to the King and the council.The King usually leads his court to ultimate decision making and has divine authority as it is granted by God. Christianity is very keen in giving the Church divine power, with no separation of church and state. As a matter of fact, this realm dominated many empires for ages.What might be some of the consequences of these theologies for domestic and international politics?The consequences of these politics are that they clash against modern values that are part of society.

The Twitter IPO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Twitter IPO - Essay Example One of the social media giants Facebook is also listed on Nasdaq but there are several reasons being put forward by Twitter for such a stance. One of the most prominent reasons for Twitter to avoid Nasdaq is the not so successful IPO of the Facebook. As many witnessed the glitches which made the Facebook suffer. There were many delays and technical problems. The systems of the Nasdaq did not go through well and it was a mess on the first day of the opening. The IPO is likely to take place late in 2013 or early 2014. The pundits are predicting figures above a billion dollars that is expected to bring in about for the social network website. There are several other factors for such decision. The trend of tech companies is quite high and many are thinking of a potential listing. Twitter also considers this a great time when the trends are hot and looking to avail such opportunity. A return of 28% has been recorded for tech IPOs this year and is the second best after the 51% of the healt h sector as being reported by morning star. As Paul Brad, an analyst with Renaissance Capital states tech companies are one of the strongest areas of the IPO market to date.2 Such decision is also likely to have impact on the wide range of stakeholders of the Twitter. This could well be related to the Legitimacy Theory which states that organizations take influence of their social and external environment (Tilling). This could well be seen here as Twitter also follows the social norms, beliefs and values that are currently prevailing in the industry. Many tech companies are trying to obtain listing. So does Twitter follow the footsteps of them and one of the influence or inspiration could be the IPO of the Facebook. The writer suggests that there are basically two levels of the theory; one is institutional level which involves government and other bodies in a wider context and the other one is organizational level in which the companies such as Twitter falls (Tilling). At this level organizations try to seek approval from the society in pursuit of their own goals. However, if they succeed they remain in existence otherwise they face dire consequences and fight for their survival. Once organizations expand and their operations become widely spread and they get acceptance from the society, there comes another responsibility on them. This can be of relevance with the Stakeholder Theory. The theory suggests that the vary existence of organizations is to create value for their shareholders over time.3 If setting aside the other ethical obligations of an organization; the core objectives of the organizations are to maximize the shareholders’ wealth. But then comes a range of stakeholders with different set of goals and expectations. It is the duty of the organizations to keep a balance between such stakeholders (Reynolds, Frank and David, 2006). Twitter here is also expanding its stakeholder on a large scale now. From previously, their main stakeholders were only the users of their website but now upon obtaining listing they will have the responsibility to serve a wide range of stakeholders. From shareholders to users to wider society at large. They will also be liable to some ethical practices and transparent disclosures. Latest acquisition of Staples In the latest news, it has been reported that the Staples has acquired Runa, a San Mateo, California based Start-up Company whose business is specialization and personalization in e-commerce technology.4 The biggest factor of such a decision was that Staples wanted to boost up its on-line sales in order to compete with Amazon and other tech advanced companies in the e-commerce space. The chairman and CEO of Staples, an office supplies

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the performance management Dissertation

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the performance management system of Riyadh City Council - Dissertation Example Data Analysis 44 3.10 Methodological Limitations 45 3.11 Conclusion 46 Chapter 4- Results and Discussion 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Results 48 4.3 Discussion 76 Chapter 5- Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusions 86 5.2. Recommendations 90 References 93 List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Demographic characteristics: Level of measurement, categories and codes 37 Table 2. Objectives, hypotheses, and statistical tests. 37 Table 3. Frequency and percentage distribution for gender. 48 Table 4. Frequency and percentage distribution for age. 48 Table 5. Frequency and percentage distribution for years of service. 49 Table 6. Frequency and percentage distribution for position. 49 Table 7. Means and standard deviations: Agency relations. 50 Table 8. Means and standard deviations: Resource utilisation. 51 Table 9. Means and standard deviations: Inimitable. 53 Table 10. Means and standard deviations: Non-substitutable. 54 Table 11. Means and standard deviations: Competence. 55 Table 12. Mea ns and standard deviations: Firm specificity. 56 Table 13. Means and standard deviations: Relevant resources. 56 Table 14. Means and standard deviations: Utilisation of resources. 57 Table 15. Means and standard deviations: Acquisition. 59 Table 16. Means and standard deviations: Development. 59 Table 17. Means and standard deviations: Configuration. 60 Table 18. Means and standard deviations: Innovation. 61 Table 19. Means and standard deviations: Technology. 61 Table 20. Means and standard deviations: Dynamic capability. 62 Table 21. Means and standard deviations: Performance attainment. 63 Table 22. Means and standard deviations: Individual commitment. 64 Table 23. Means and standard deviations: Processes satisfaction. 65 Table 24. Means and standard deviations: Goal setting. 65 Table... Performance management is primarily known to be a process that encourages collaboration for the members of the local administration. For the RCC, they have encountered a number of concerns that must be addressed though performance management standards and practises. For instance, they have experienced problems with improving the methods for keeping up with rapid changes such as civilizational shifts or new lifestyles among community members (Al-Nuaim 2001). To consider services for health, safety, and security, housing plans, and preservation of the environment and historical sites has become a challenge for Riyadh’s local administrators. Moreover, most often, the public’s opinion on the policies implemented by the City Council as well as on the implementation of projects and activities, and the performance of the governing body, has created difficulties for mayors and the rest of the administration in developing their community (Al Riyadh 2004). Because of these, the R CC has aimed to boost their performance by focusing on the capability of their workforce, enhancing their projects by being consistent with the community’s needs, and providing their administration with the necessary procedural and managerial specialisations. One weak point that the local city councils in Riyadh has demonstrated is that they are not very capable of integrating various departments for planning and implementation, hence, reducing their likelihood for accomplishing main goals.

Google glass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google glass - Essay Example In addition, new applications and updates to the operating system that were not available during the time of the launch make today’s Google Glass explorer edition a tempting thing to acquire and buy (Furlan, 2013). Google glass was made up by a facility within Google that is dedicated towards the direction of advancing the technology that cycle within the organization like the driverless cars. The facility that developed the technology is known as Google X. Google glass has been designed to be slimmer and smaller compared to the displays that have been circulated to the market by the company previously (Campesato, 2014). The prototype of the glass looked very similar to the standard eyeglasses with its lens being replaced by a heads-up display. In 2011, the company came up with a prototype of the Google glass that weighed around 3,600grams that was made to be lighter than the average sunglasses later in 2013. The explorer edition of the glass was produced and made available to the company’s I/O developers in the US for a price of 1,500 dollars (Furlan, 2013). There developed a partnership between Google and some Italian eyewear companies so that they could be provided with additional designs of glass frames. The Nepal Government in 2014 adopted Google glass in a move to bring solutions to the problem of poaching in the countrys national parks and reserves. The glass has also been used by the Gurkha military in tracking animals and birds in the forest that geared the latest development in the military venture (Campesato, 2014). Google glass is made up of flexible titanium headband that tends to remain durable as it stretches from one ear to the ear. The flexible band is combined with a covering that is made of plastic that covers the Glass’ major gears and it gives it a general clean outlook. Google glass is made up of a cube-shaped glass prism that is located just above the

Diet Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diet Analysis - Essay Example On the other hand, the carbohydrate backbone of DNA deoxyribose is an example of unequal numbers of carbon and water, as shown by the formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates perform a wide variety of functions in the human body. These macronutrients may function as storage for energy in the form of starch and glycogen. They can also function like cellulose and chitin as structurally significant molecules. As mentioned earlier, carbohydrates like deoxyribose and ribose play key roles in heredity as the backbone of the genetic molecule DNA and RNA. Physiologically, ribose is also an important component in coenzymes like flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Secondly, proteins are another class of organic compounds which fall under the macronutrient category. Structurally, proteins are typically one or more polypeptide chains linked together that fold into different forms depending on their biological function. A polypeptide, for example, is an amino acid polymer chain linked together by peptide bonds. Depending on their function, proteins may fold into one of two configurations, globular or fibrous, and in this folding they add on non-peptide groups called cofactors or prosthetic groups depending on their biological function (i.e. the Heme group in Hemoglobin). Humans tend to require a great amount of proteins, because like carbohydrates, the macronutrient plays different roles in almost all cellular processes. The most common notion people have of proteins is their role in mechanical and structural support. This involves the actin and myosin found in the muscles as well as the proteins which build the cytoskeleton, the structure that supports and shapes the cells. Some proteins also function as catalytic enzymes which facilitate physiological reactions, specifically in metabolism. As mentioned earlier proteins,

Create Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Create - Assignment Example Executive Assistant position suctioning for parlay of customer service, demonstrated organization, project management and communication skills proven by 10 years of affluent, profitable self-employment. Personable, motivated business professional with college degrees and a prosperous 10-year profitable small business ownership track record. Talent for speedily adapting technology- currently completed Microsoft Office Suite certificate course. Tactful and diplomatic with non-professionals and professionals at all levels. Acquainted to handle confidential, sensitive records. Established history of producing timely, accurate reports that meet stringent HMO along with insurance guidelines. Versatile and flexible- able to retain a sense of humor even under pressure. Competent and posed with established ability to quickly transcend cultural differences. Good team-building skills. Thrive in environments driven by

Research Paper on Statistics on Health Care Prescription Errors Essay Example for Free

Research Paper on Statistics on Health Care Prescription Errors Essay Research Paper on Statistics on Health Care Prescription Errors Introduction Relation between Error in Healthcare prescription and the inconsistency in Technological information Background Information            A lot of errors are occurring within the healthcare field lately. They result from many factors. Among the principle causes of error are related to wrong prescriptions. As indicated by Benjamin (770), one of the elements that play a critical role in this is the use of advanced technological methods. Computers have been used to aid in the computerized entry of prescription orders. For instance, Walgreens pharmacy, where I work is an online drug store that allows customers to purchase drugs over the internet. This poses a great danger of wrong order interpretations, inconsistencies and misfills. In the past, these have resulted in the possession of dangerous drugs, dosing errors and other mix-ups.Depending on the intensity of the prescription, they can result in severe injuries on the patient or even lead to fatality incidences. In turn, they lead to unnecessary court cases and legal suits that eventually cost many healthcare institutions and practitioners a lot of funds that are paid to cater for the damages (Carroll 52-8). For this, there is a necessity to examine the main causes of faulty prescriptions to ensure that such avoidable consequences are kept at their possible minimal rates. This paper explored the occurrence of prescription errors as a result of order entries at Walgreens. The principleconcerns that were dealt with in this study include: What are the common causes of drug inconsistencies at the pharmacy? What kind of information technology is used in the provision of proper prescription? Are there specific actions that are related to inconsistently provided information in the same prescription order entry? What dispensing errors are most likely to occur in an online drug store? Methodology            The study was prospective as it was comprised of 20 pharmacists from medical centers and Walgreens chemist, which is an online store based in Wasilla in Alaska. For approximately 2 months, they issued a report about the inconsistent order entry of prescriptions. It was principally based on communication. As such, both primary and secondary data collection methodswere employed. Therefore, it included the use of surveys for the collection of first-hand information. In this sense questionnaires and interviews from the participantswereused to gather information for the data. For accuracy and proper validation, these were combined with secondarysources such as the national health statistics (Wu, Pronovost, Morlock 88). It involved the selection of 30 electronically retrieved prescriptions from the free text field for any comments on prescription errors with regard to Walgreens pharmacy. Thus, the study entailed the overall evaluation of 60 prescription records. Data collection            The data was used to capture the medication, focus dispensing errors and the types of inconsistencies in error. Among the elements to considered included dosage, incorrect drug, wrong quantity, inappropriate, inadequate and incorrect labelling. The other elements that caused inconsistencies were inadequate directions for use, inappropriate packaging, preparation and storage of medication before dispensing. It was necessary to use predictive values to determine when the prescriptive errors are likely to be higher. Data analysis            The data was entered in a Microsoft database. 30 records were selected randomly to validate the data. From research, 99.7% of these are expected to be correct. Descriptive statistics characterized inconsistency. Some of the determinants of error such as inpatients and outpatients, analgesics and antibiotics, those that are less frequently prescribed and those on high alert wereanalyzed. They will be provided for harm categories where t tests and χ2 tests will be used. Categorical variables made use of the Fisher test for categorical variables of 2 levels and the χ2 for those with more than 2. Statistical significance or ÃŽ ± =.05 were applied to test predators with the Wald χ2 test. In this study, the regression model of multivariantlogistics method of data analysis will be used. The method will mainly identify different factors in communication prescriptive errors in relation to their severity. It will make use of a generalized approach with estimated equations. Results            The results were filled in the table below:            Similar names and packages Medications not commonly used or prescribed Commonly used medication where patients are allergic Medication that need proper testing for proper therapeutic administration Entry and confirmation of prescription Zeros and abbreviations Organized workforce and reduction of distraction and stress Patient counselling Storage            Dispensing incorrect drug 40% 20% 2% 2% 10% 5% 10% 11% Dose 20% 30% 10% 5% 20% 10% 5% 5% Dosage form 8% 2% 1% 5% 50% 10% 20% 4% Quantity 1% 20% 1% 3% 10% 30% 20% 15% Administration time 1% 5% 3% 2% 10% 30% 40% 9% Wrong labeling 30% 30% 5% 2% 10% 5% `10% 8% Inadequate directions 5% 20% 10% 10% 5% 2% 10% 38% Inappropriate preparation, packaging and storage 20% 40% 5% 1% 1% 5% 29% 1% Graphical Representation of the results Findings            It was discovered that at a pharmacy such as Walgreens where about 250 prescriptions entries are made in a day, about 4 errors occur. Reports relate these to a higher rate of inconsistent communication. The principle cause was drug dosage. There were also some drugs that were associated with a higher rate of overdosing and incorrect prescriptions when compared to others. Thus, in relation to this study, it was evident that medical centers that have a higher flow of patients and the chances of admission have higher rates of errors when compared to other private clinics and chemists. Conclusion            It is important that the laid down professional ethics are adhered to in different fields. This is especially within the medical field where a slight mistake can lead to devastating consequences. Therefore, healthcare providers are always obligated to use the knowledge that they acquired in their studies as well as new knowledge and practices appropriately. They should ensure that drugs are prescribed in the most appropriate ways to avoid errors. In particular, computerized drug entries should be counterchecked to eliminate disparities. However, owing to the continuous change in the nature of disease processes and hence the production of advanced drug formulas, there is need to conduct more research. These will provide more guidance to guarantee safe drug prescription by providers of healthcare services using new technological methods. Recommendations            The employees at Walgreens need to reduce the rates of prescription errors to help retain customers and avoid unnecessary lawsuits. Some of the steps they can take are to ensure the correct entry of prescriptions. These should be confirmed. They should be careful with drugs that look alike and sound alike as well as take care with zeros and abbreviations. They should make the workplace organized and reduce distractions, stress and heavy workloads as much as possible. They should also ensure that drugs are stored properly and check all prescriptions. The most important thing is to ensure that patients are cancelled before taking the drugs. References Benjamin, D. M. Reducing medication errors and increasing patient safety: case studies inclinical pharmacology. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.2003;43:768–83. Carroll, P. Medication issues: the bigger picture.RN. 2003;66(1):52–8. Wu, A. W., Pronovost, P., and Morlock, L. ICU incident reporting systems.Journal of CriticalCare. 2006;17(2):86–94 Source document